The Importance of IAQThe Need for Clean Air in Classrooms

Gerald (Jerry) Lamping

Director for IAQ (Retired)

Green Classroom Professional USGBC

June 25 2014

Boerne Texas

What is a Green School A Green School has Clean Air

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in TX state aid $32

Average Daily Attendance (ADA) Rates

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

Classroom air should be at

lowest contamination

level

Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development

bull Exposure to toxicants during lung development has the potential to affect the overall growth and function of the respiratory system in infants and children and can impact the risk for developing adult lung disease

bull Exposures during different stages of childhood may result in different adult disease presentations depending on the stage of maturation of the lung

bull These ldquowindows of susceptibilityrdquo can affect the lungs and airways and result in consequences through the lifetime

Soto-Martinez M and Sly PD Chronic Respiratory Disease 2010Pinkerton KE and Joad JP Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2006

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

What is a Green School A Green School has Clean Air

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in TX state aid $32

Average Daily Attendance (ADA) Rates

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

Classroom air should be at

lowest contamination

level

Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development

bull Exposure to toxicants during lung development has the potential to affect the overall growth and function of the respiratory system in infants and children and can impact the risk for developing adult lung disease

bull Exposures during different stages of childhood may result in different adult disease presentations depending on the stage of maturation of the lung

bull These ldquowindows of susceptibilityrdquo can affect the lungs and airways and result in consequences through the lifetime

Soto-Martinez M and Sly PD Chronic Respiratory Disease 2010Pinkerton KE and Joad JP Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2006

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in TX state aid $32

Average Daily Attendance (ADA) Rates

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

Classroom air should be at

lowest contamination

level

Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development

bull Exposure to toxicants during lung development has the potential to affect the overall growth and function of the respiratory system in infants and children and can impact the risk for developing adult lung disease

bull Exposures during different stages of childhood may result in different adult disease presentations depending on the stage of maturation of the lung

bull These ldquowindows of susceptibilityrdquo can affect the lungs and airways and result in consequences through the lifetime

Soto-Martinez M and Sly PD Chronic Respiratory Disease 2010Pinkerton KE and Joad JP Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2006

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

Classroom air should be at

lowest contamination

level

Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development

bull Exposure to toxicants during lung development has the potential to affect the overall growth and function of the respiratory system in infants and children and can impact the risk for developing adult lung disease

bull Exposures during different stages of childhood may result in different adult disease presentations depending on the stage of maturation of the lung

bull These ldquowindows of susceptibilityrdquo can affect the lungs and airways and result in consequences through the lifetime

Soto-Martinez M and Sly PD Chronic Respiratory Disease 2010Pinkerton KE and Joad JP Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2006

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid

Classroom air should be at

lowest contamination

level

Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development

bull Exposure to toxicants during lung development has the potential to affect the overall growth and function of the respiratory system in infants and children and can impact the risk for developing adult lung disease

bull Exposures during different stages of childhood may result in different adult disease presentations depending on the stage of maturation of the lung

bull These ldquowindows of susceptibilityrdquo can affect the lungs and airways and result in consequences through the lifetime

Soto-Martinez M and Sly PD Chronic Respiratory Disease 2010Pinkerton KE and Joad JP Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2006

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development

bull Exposure to toxicants during lung development has the potential to affect the overall growth and function of the respiratory system in infants and children and can impact the risk for developing adult lung disease

bull Exposures during different stages of childhood may result in different adult disease presentations depending on the stage of maturation of the lung

bull These ldquowindows of susceptibilityrdquo can affect the lungs and airways and result in consequences through the lifetime

Soto-Martinez M and Sly PD Chronic Respiratory Disease 2010Pinkerton KE and Joad JP Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2006

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects of Unclean Air

bull Unclean Air can commonly trigger an acute asthma exacerbation that may be severe enough to lead to hospitalization and in some cases death

ndash Most common triggers include tobacco smoke dust mites cockroach allergens pets and outdoor air pollutants such as PM25 NO2 and Ozone

ndash Illnesses such as respiratory viruses (influenza colds and respiratory syncytial virus) sinus infections and allergies may also cause asthma symptoms

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008

See also the ldquoEnvironmental Management of Pediatric Asthmardquo module in CEHNrsquos Pediatric Training Resource

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Other health effects of Unclean Air

1 Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease

2 Decreased lung function

3 Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms

4 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

5 Effects on the nervous systemyen

6 Cancer yen

7 Premature death yen

American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatric Environmental Health 2012Kampa M and Castanas E Environmental Pollution 2008httpwwwepagovttnatw013_90_022html (Accessed 08192013)

Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthoodyenEffects likely to occur in adulthood but associated with exposures in childhood

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls of Clean Air reduces absences by

16 yet most classrooms have

unacceptable CO2 levels due to high

energy costs

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

For every 1 ls per person

increase in the Clean Air rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Outside Air Is Not Always CleanNAAQS ContaminantsParticle Matter

ndash PM10

ndash PM25 ndash UFPM ndash Nano-PM

Ozone Hot amp Sunny DaysWater Vapor in Hot and Humid

ClimatesOther Gases Sewer Boiler Gas

IndustrialChemical and Biological Threats

Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

EPArsquos Air Quality Index

httpairnowgovindexcfmaction=aqibasicsaqi (Accessed 08192013)

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo

Half of US Live with Unclean Air

httpwwwlungorgabout-usour-impacttop-storiesstate-of-the-air-2014-top-storyhtml

bull Nearly half of the people in the United States (1476 million) live in counties with unhealthy levels of either ozone or particle pollution

bull More than 278 million people (89) in the United States live in 17 counties with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report

bull Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the 2014 report ndash including Los Angeles New York City and Chicago ndash had more high ozone days on average when compared to the 2013 report

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Sources of Exposure

Distribution of national total emission estimates by source for specific pollutants 2010

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure02gif (Accessed 08192013)

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure01gif (Accessed 08192013)

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005 (Accessed 08192013)

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate

The figure shows the estimated lifetime risk for cancer across the continental US by census using 2005 NATA model estimates

The national average of cancer risk in 2005 was 50 in a million with many urban areas and transportation corridors above the national average

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

AQI Values Greater than 100

Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities

httpwwwepagovairtrends2011graphicsfigure06gif

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical

Plantsbull Nearly 46 million children in 10000 schools are located

within a mile of a chemical facility

bull The Center for Effective Government studied the EPArsquos Risk Management Program and said these chemicals can be

dangerous to the public if they are spilled released into the air or are involved in an explosion

httpteslaforeffectivegovorgRMPOnebin-release

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

httpwwwepagovttnatwnata2005

Estimated Respiratory Hazards

The National-Scale Air Toxic Assessment (NATA) assesses ambient levels inhalation exposures and health risks associated with 177 toxic air pollutants and diesel particulate NATA estimates risks from breathing air toxics that are emitted from large and small industrial sources and from mobile sources such as cars trucks and construction equipment

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Whorsquos in Danger

httpcomingcleanincorgwhats-newwhos-in-danger-report

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3433 facilities in

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools

The Smokestack Effect Toxic Air and Americas SchoolsWhat might be in the air outside your school

bull The air outside 435 other schools mdash from Maine to California mdash appears to be even worse and the threats to the health of students at those locations may be even greater The 435 schools that ranked worst werent confined to industrial centers Illinois Ohio and Pennsylvania had the highest numbers but the worst schools extended from the East Coast to the West in 170 cities across 34 states USA TODAY found

bull At thousands of locations the model used by USA TODAY indicated that the air outside schools appeared far more toxic than the air in the neighborhoods where the kids lived At 16500 schools the air outside appeared at least twice as toxic as the air at a typical location in the school district 011309

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levelsof Toxics Around Schools

bull Using the governments most up-to-date model for tracking toxic chemicals USA TODAY spent eight months examining the impact of industrial pollution on the air outside schools across the nation

bull The result a ranking of 127800 public private and parochial schools based on the concentrations and health hazards of chemicals likely to be in the air outside

bull The potential problems that emerged were widespread insidious and largely unaddressed

httpusatoday30usatodaycomnewsnationenvironmentsmokestackmethodology

wwwepagovschoolairindexhtml

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Schools Near Major HighwaysNear-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

School Locations Near Major Highways US Public Schools in lsquoAir Pollution Danger Zonersquo

bull The University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have found that more than 30 percent of American public schools are within 400 meters or a quarter mile of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes

bull Research has shown that proximity to major highwaysmdashand thus environmental pollutants such as aerosolizing diesel exhaust particlesmdash can leave school-age children more susceptible to respiratory diseases later in life

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways a nationwide US survey

Alexandra S Appatova Patrick H Ryan Grace K LeMasters Sergey A Grinshpun

Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USArsquo

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management515 631 mdash 646 01 September 2008

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

School Locations Near Major HighwaysOne recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freeway

Use of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335

httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al

httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants

William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23

William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23

Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms

bull Natural Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Mechanical Ventilation Injection and Dilution

bull Filtration and Air Cleaning Re-circulation

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been the primary Clean Air and Ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air

Quality Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial

Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Current USA Filtration Practice

ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil

USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal

MERV 13 Enhanced

Only one level of particle filtration and no level of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

European Union Filtration Law

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air

httpwwwfreedom2chooseinfodocsEC_Standard_For_Ventilationpdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Air Filters for Particle Matter

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing

sneezing respiratory difficulties and circulatory system problems 2 Irritant Gases

Ventilation Practices for the classroom Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological

contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull EPA NAAQS Pollutants

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Clean Air Must have Low Levels ofInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Invisible Particle Size Relationships

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)

bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response

bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells

bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events

bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Improve Air Filtration

Install PM Filters with ASHRAE Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 or employ Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed to Measure PM

Levels in Classrooms

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Improve Air Filtration

Install PM Filters with ASHRAE Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 or employ Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed to Measure PM

Levels in Classrooms

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Improve Air Filtration

Install PM Filters with ASHRAE Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 or employ Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed to Measure PM

Levels in Classrooms

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

Install PM Filters with ASHRAE Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 or employ Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed to Measure PM

Levels in Classrooms

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed to Measure PM

Levels in Classrooms

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor

Environment and Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P Wyon International Centre for Indoor Environment and

Energy DTU Civil Engineering Technical University of Denmark httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0360132312002727

Particle SizeOutside Air Injection Rate

Particles

Per

cm3

Without air filter operation

With air filter operation

ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room

After Air Cleaning

Before Air Cleaning

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway after Completion of Construction and at the Opening of the School

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Portable Air Filtration Device

Portable Air FilterScrubber removed fine particles

from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

and cleaned the indoor hallway air to an acceptable level

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible

Particles from Classroomsbull Teachers report less problems with sore and

scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Clean Air Program in Schools

ldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Clean Air Must Have Low Levels ofIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

VOC Sources

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Clean Air Must Have Low Levels ofIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

VOC Sources

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

VOC Sources

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations

Research Shows the Health Effects of Unclean Air with

Irritant GasesThe research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with higher levels of unclean air in the

building environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

School A and School B

Used Std 621rsquos Ventilation Procedure

and CO2 Demand Controlled Ventilation

for OA Damper Operations

Used Std 621rsquos IAQ Procedure and two

stage Particulate and Gas Phase Filtration

with constant OA flow

Case Study School A had higher levels of unclean air than School B

due to lower air flow (CFM)

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

23

20

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low air flow rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low air flow rates

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations

Research Shows the Health Effects of Unclean Air with

Irritant GasesThe research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with higher levels of unclean air in the

building environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

School A and School B

Used Std 621rsquos Ventilation Procedure

and CO2 Demand Controlled Ventilation

for OA Damper Operations

Used Std 621rsquos IAQ Procedure and two

stage Particulate and Gas Phase Filtration

with constant OA flow

Case Study School A had higher levels of unclean air than School B

due to lower air flow (CFM)

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

23

20

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low air flow rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low air flow rates

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Research Shows the Health Effects of Unclean Air with

Irritant GasesThe research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with higher levels of unclean air in the

building environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

School A and School B

Used Std 621rsquos Ventilation Procedure

and CO2 Demand Controlled Ventilation

for OA Damper Operations

Used Std 621rsquos IAQ Procedure and two

stage Particulate and Gas Phase Filtration

with constant OA flow

Case Study School A had higher levels of unclean air than School B

due to lower air flow (CFM)

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

23

20

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low air flow rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low air flow rates

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

School A and School B

Used Std 621rsquos Ventilation Procedure

and CO2 Demand Controlled Ventilation

for OA Damper Operations

Used Std 621rsquos IAQ Procedure and two

stage Particulate and Gas Phase Filtration

with constant OA flow

Case Study School A had higher levels of unclean air than School B

due to lower air flow (CFM)

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

23

20

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low air flow rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low air flow rates

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

23

20

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low air flow rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low air flow rates

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low air flow rates

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Portable Hand Held Meter Needed to

Measure VOC Levels in Classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Removing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Removing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Removing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure and Filtration and Air CleaningThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteriandash Identify contaminants of

concernndash Determine acceptable

contaminant concentrationsndash Specify the perceived indoor air

quality criteria ndash Apply an acceptable design

approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Filtration and Air Cleaning with Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Filtration and Air Cleaning with Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Filtration and Air Cleaning with Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

Filtration and Air Cleaning with a Living Green Wall as a Biofilter

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Table 1 Model the

Classrooms using CONTAM airflow and contaminant transport analysis

software

bull Contaminants Considered in IAQP Modeling ndash Building

bull Formaldehyde

bull TVOC

ndash Occupantsbull acetone

bull ammonia

bull hydrogen sulfide

bull methyl alcohol

bull phenol

ndash Outdoor Airbull carbon monoxide

bull nitrogen dioxide

bull ozone

bull sulfur dioxide

Air Contaminants of Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

formaldehyde 012 [0098]

TVOC 10

acetone 7 [3]

ammonia 05 [07]

hydrogen sulfide 0042 [0030]

methyl alcohol 15 [12]

phenol 01 [003]

bull Target Concentration Limits used in analyzing results

(continued)

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

carbon monoxide 10 [9]

nitrogen dioxide 010 [0053]

ozone 016 [008]

sulfur dioxide 0079 [003]

Table 2

Calculate your airflow rates for each ASHRAE 621 Procedure

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Filtration and Air Cleaning with a Living Green Wall as a Biofilter

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Table 1 Model the

Classrooms using CONTAM airflow and contaminant transport analysis

software

bull Contaminants Considered in IAQP Modeling ndash Building

bull Formaldehyde

bull TVOC

ndash Occupantsbull acetone

bull ammonia

bull hydrogen sulfide

bull methyl alcohol

bull phenol

ndash Outdoor Airbull carbon monoxide

bull nitrogen dioxide

bull ozone

bull sulfur dioxide

Air Contaminants of Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

formaldehyde 012 [0098]

TVOC 10

acetone 7 [3]

ammonia 05 [07]

hydrogen sulfide 0042 [0030]

methyl alcohol 15 [12]

phenol 01 [003]

bull Target Concentration Limits used in analyzing results

(continued)

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

carbon monoxide 10 [9]

nitrogen dioxide 010 [0053]

ozone 016 [008]

sulfur dioxide 0079 [003]

Table 2

Calculate your airflow rates for each ASHRAE 621 Procedure

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Table 1 Model the

Classrooms using CONTAM airflow and contaminant transport analysis

software

bull Contaminants Considered in IAQP Modeling ndash Building

bull Formaldehyde

bull TVOC

ndash Occupantsbull acetone

bull ammonia

bull hydrogen sulfide

bull methyl alcohol

bull phenol

ndash Outdoor Airbull carbon monoxide

bull nitrogen dioxide

bull ozone

bull sulfur dioxide

Air Contaminants of Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

formaldehyde 012 [0098]

TVOC 10

acetone 7 [3]

ammonia 05 [07]

hydrogen sulfide 0042 [0030]

methyl alcohol 15 [12]

phenol 01 [003]

bull Target Concentration Limits used in analyzing results

(continued)

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

carbon monoxide 10 [9]

nitrogen dioxide 010 [0053]

ozone 016 [008]

sulfur dioxide 0079 [003]

Table 2

Calculate your airflow rates for each ASHRAE 621 Procedure

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

bull Contaminants Considered in IAQP Modeling ndash Building

bull Formaldehyde

bull TVOC

ndash Occupantsbull acetone

bull ammonia

bull hydrogen sulfide

bull methyl alcohol

bull phenol

ndash Outdoor Airbull carbon monoxide

bull nitrogen dioxide

bull ozone

bull sulfur dioxide

Air Contaminants of Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

formaldehyde 012 [0098]

TVOC 10

acetone 7 [3]

ammonia 05 [07]

hydrogen sulfide 0042 [0030]

methyl alcohol 15 [12]

phenol 01 [003]

bull Target Concentration Limits used in analyzing results

(continued)

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

carbon monoxide 10 [9]

nitrogen dioxide 010 [0053]

ozone 016 [008]

sulfur dioxide 0079 [003]

Table 2

Calculate your airflow rates for each ASHRAE 621 Procedure

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

formaldehyde 012 [0098]

TVOC 10

acetone 7 [3]

ammonia 05 [07]

hydrogen sulfide 0042 [0030]

methyl alcohol 15 [12]

phenol 01 [003]

bull Target Concentration Limits used in analyzing results

(continued)

Contaminant Concentration

mgm3 [ppm]

carbon monoxide 10 [9]

nitrogen dioxide 010 [0053]

ozone 016 [008]

sulfur dioxide 0079 [003]

Table 2

Calculate your airflow rates for each ASHRAE 621 Procedure

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Table 2

Calculate your airflow rates for each ASHRAE 621 Procedure

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Table 3

Calculate the of the Limit for each Contaminant of

Concern

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Minimum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Min Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

IAQP Contaminant Modeling

bull Example of Results ndash Maximum Supplyndash All contaminants were less than target limits

of Target Limit Max Supply

0 20 40 60 80 100

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

classroomcorridor

Chemical Formulas

C6H5OH phenol

HCHO formaldehyde

NH3 ammonia

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Table 4

Calculate the energy savings by reducing the

OA flow

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Clean Air Must Have Low Levels of Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Clean Air has Many Beneficial Microbes

bull Human Microbiome Projectndash 1000 species of bacteria on human

skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a

potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Clean Air has Many Beneficial Microbes

bull Human Microbiome Projectndash 1000 species of bacteria on human

skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a

potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a

potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a

potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu

ADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low air flow rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Air Filtration Can Reduce the Risk of Flu Infection at Lower Cost

Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental

Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom

Costs for Dilution at Different Climates

Costs for Filtration at Different Levels

Manage the 3 Irsquos to Provide Clean Air in Green and Healthy Schools

Employ Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) Technology to Lower the Classroom Levels of the 3 Irsquos

Use EN 13799 Standard to select level of filtration based on location of the building and IAQ desired for the occupants

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom Clean Air Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Air Filtration Can Reduce the Risk of Flu Infection at Lower Cost

Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental

Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom

Costs for Dilution at Different Climates

Costs for Filtration at Different Levels

Manage the 3 Irsquos to Provide Clean Air in Green and Healthy Schools

Employ Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) Technology to Lower the Classroom Levels of the 3 Irsquos

Use EN 13799 Standard to select level of filtration based on location of the building and IAQ desired for the occupants

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom Clean Air Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Manage the 3 Irsquos to Provide Clean Air in Green and Healthy Schools

Employ Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) Technology to Lower the Classroom Levels of the 3 Irsquos

Use EN 13799 Standard to select level of filtration based on location of the building and IAQ desired for the occupants

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom Clean Air Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)

wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance

American Institute of Architects

US Green Building Council

Builders and Owners Management Association International

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America

US Environmental Protection Agency

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

• The Importance of IAQ The Need for Clean Air in Classrooms
• What is a Green School A Green School has Clean Air
• Costs for Student Absences
• $$$ for Student Absences
• EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
• Effects of airborne toxicants during childrensrsquo lung development
• Health Effects of Unclean Air
• Other health effects of Unclean Air
• Research Shows the Absenteeism Benefits of Clean Air
• Research Shows the Test Score Benefits of Clean Air
• Outside Air Is Not Always Clean
• EPArsquos Air Quality Index
• ldquoState of the Air - 2014rdquo
• Sources of Exposure
• People Living in NAAQS NonndashAttainment Areas
• Estimated Lifetime Cancer Risks
• AQI Values Greater than 100
• One in 10 Children Attend Schools Near Chemical Plants
• Estimated Respiratory Hazards
• Whorsquos in Danger
• USA Today and EPA Project Assessing Outdoor Air Near Schools
• Outside Air Tests Reveal Elevated Levels of Toxics Around Schools
• Schools Near Major Highways
• School Locations Near Major Highways
• School Locations Near Major Highways
• Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
• Over the course of the dayhellip
• Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
• The 3 Prsquos of Indoor Air Quality
• Pathways
• Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
• 3 Ways to Provide Clean Air into Classrooms
• ASHRAE Standard for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 621
• Ventilation with Outside Air Energy Penalty
• Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
• ASHRAE Journal
• ASHRAE President 2013-14
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
• Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
• Air Quality and Current Clean Air Standards
• Current USA Filtration Practice
• European Union Filtration Law
• Air Filters for Particle Matter
• The 3 Irsquos of Clean Air that can affect health and attendance
• Sources of the 3 Irsquos
• Clean Air Must have Low Levels of Invisible Particles
• Invisible Particle Size Relationships
• Invisible Particles In Dust
• Invisible Particle Health Effects
• Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
• Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
• Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
• Outside Air in San Antonio
• EPA PM Standard
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
• Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
• Slide 58
• Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
• Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed to Measure PM Levels in Classrooms
• Clean Air Room PM Standard
• Actual Experience in Removing Invisible Particles From Classrooms
• Slide 63
• Slide 64
• Fine Particle Levels after Construction Activities
• Portable Air Filtration Device
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning to remove Invisible Particles from Classrooms
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Clean Air Program in Schools
• Clean Air Must Have Low Levels of Irritant Gases
• VOC Sources
• Sources of Irritant Gases
• Slide 72
• Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations
• Research Shows the Health Effects of Unclean Air with Irritant Gases
• School A and School B
• Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Clean Air in Schools
• Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air in Schools
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
• Asthma Risk and VOC Level
• Research Shows the Benefits of Removing VOCrsquos
• Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Removing VOCrsquos
• Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure and Filtration and Air Cleaning
• Filtration and Air Cleaning with Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Filtration and Air Cleaning with Polarized Media Filtration Devices
• Filtration and Air Cleaning with a Living Green Wall as a Biofilter
• Table 1
• Air Contaminants of Concern
• IAQP Contaminant Modeling
• Table 2
• Table 3
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Table 4
• Source Control for Irritant Gases
• Clean Air Must Have Low Levels of Infectious Microbes
• Clean Air has Many Beneficial Microbes
• Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
• Microbiome of Humans
• Infectious Microbes
• Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
• Built Environment Microbiome Project
• Jessica Green on Building Microbes
• Tracking Flu Activity
• Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
• Air Filtration Can Reduce the Risk of Flu Infection at Lower Cost
• Manage the 3 Irsquos to Provide Clean Air in Green and Healthy Schools
• Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
• EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
• EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
• Center for Green Schools USGBC
• Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
• ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
• High Performance amp Healthy Classroom with Clean Air from the 1950rsquos
• Unhealthy Classroom without Clean Air in the 2000rsquos
• Classroom of the Future and Quality of the Indoor Air
• We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters