The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave

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The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave

A Research Proposal Presented To the Faculty of the School Of Hospitality and Vocational Education

University Of Saint Louis Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in ResearchMethod for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality

and Tourism Management

By:

Roy Vincent M. AbadRichelle de San Jose

Amiel Cuntapay

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Table of Contents

Title page i

Introduction 1

Statement of the problem 2

Significance of the study 3

Underpinning theory 3

Literature review by themes 4

Research paradigm 5

Hypothesis 6

Methodology 6

References 6

Appendix A (Literature Matrix) 9

Appendix B (Variable Matrix) 41

Appendix C (Questionnaires) 42

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Introduction

Background of the StudyEthical tourism in Callao Cave is significantly growing and improving, it benefits the people and the environment by promoting and developing their products, services, local trends and commercial establishments without compromising the needs for their future generation. Ethical tourism in Callao cave Peñablanca offers a better income to families living in the area, by sourcing products and services locally. A brand-new role for consumers in the tourism market has emerged from three trends: first, there is a thirst for different and more exciting holidays; second, there is a growing realization of the negative impacts of tourism its clod-hopping footprints in other people’s homes in the forests, rivers and mountains of Callao Cave in Peñablanca and third is climate change. As one of the world’s most significant industries, and arguably the one with the strongest impact on people, the potential for tourism to cause harm is enormous and more varied. Ethical tourism attempts to redress the balance, with its proponents doing everything possible to ensure that, when they go on holiday, their impact on the local environment, culture and people is positive rather than negative.

Tourism in Callao Cave can preserve and destroy. It can bring enormous advantages for local communities in terms of development and employment, but it can also lead to exploitation and loss of culture. Ethical tourism seeks to maximise the benefits of tourism, whilst minimising the detriments.

This study is important because it minimizes negative economic, environmental, and social impacts; generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of host communities, it improves working conditions and access to the industry; involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life chances; makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage to the maintenance of the world‘s diversity; it provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues; provides access for physically challenged people, and is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence.

The substantial growth of tourism activity clearly marks tourism as one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past century. The number of international arrivals shows an evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to over 700 million in 2002, corresponding to an average annual growth rate of 6.6% (World Tourism Organization, 2005). In addition to the numerical growth of tourism, there has been an increasing geographic spread of tourism to encompass almost all the reaches of the globe. Simultaneously, there has been a diversification of the tourism product from the traditional sun, sea and sand offering to a product that can be potentially more intrusive or more beneficial for those living in the tourism destination. Tourism’s expansion has meant the industry now represents the leading source of foreign exchange in at least 38% of countries, and ranks in the top five industries for exports in 83% of countries (WTO, 2005). However, in addition to the off cited economic indicators displaying the dominance of the tourism industry, there has been a commensurate and almost equally well-publicised rise and recognition of the potentially negative impacts of the burgeoning tourism industry (Archer et al., 2005).

Researchers have been critical of the pernicious social and environmental impacts the industry can have from reinforcing western domination over developing countries through the ‘host/guest’ relationship (Smith and Brent, 2001) to the visual scars on the landscape caused by

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ski resorts or golf courses (Hudson, 2000). This has led to calls for the industry to exercise greater responsibility and ‘‘professionalism’’ (Sheldon, 1989) in order to protect the ‘‘golden goose’’ (Manning and Dougherty, 1995) and mirrors the arguments for greater corporate and social responsibility in other industries (Huberman- Arnold and Arnold, 2001; Miller, 2001; Rondinelli and Berry, 2000; Webley, 1999).

Several forms of tourism started to emerge in the 1980s in reaction to growing awareness of the negative impacts of mass tourism. They were described variously as alternative, appropriate, sensitive, authentic, just ‘tourism (Holden, P. 1984), as well as soft ‘and humane ‘tourism. Despite the variability, they seemed to have in common a desire to reduce the negative impacts and exploitation brought by mass tourism while ensuring that the local community received a just share of benefits and was accorded respect. Almost 30 years ago, (Krippendorf, J. 1987) made a very explicit call to all suppliers of tourist services ―to acknowledge their responsibility towards travellers, the host population and the tourist environment, to state clearly what contributions they are prepared to make to a more human tourism and what regulations they are willing to observe‖ (Geographical, 2003). (Haywood, K.M. 1988) encouraged local governments to recognize that they would have to become more responsible to the local citizens whose lives and communities were affected by tourism. Responsibility, according to Haywood, was to be at the core of tourism planning, encouraging a participatory approach and introducing techniques to formulate community-based goals and strategies for tourism.

In order to contribute to the development of understanding of Ethical Tourism, this study aims to identify the practices of tourist and their perceptions on the application of ethical tourism in Callao cave Peñablanca, Cagayan.

The objective of the study is to examine the profile of tourists with the influence of age, sex, Educational Attainment Occupation and type of tourists. Discusses issues related to the Practices of tourists in Callao Cave by tourists perception. Examine the most important ethical concerns challenging the hospitality and tourism industry. Identify the most important ethical issues in Callao Cave. Investigates tourist perceptions of the importance of social responsibility and ethics in communal effectiveness, and examines the difference in terms of their ethical practices in Callao Cave.

Statement of the Problem

This study will determine the Practices of Tourist on the Application of Ethical Tourism. Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:a) Ageb) Sex c) Educational Attainmentd) Occupatione) Type of tourist

2. To what extent do tourists observed the Ethical Tourism in Callao Cave in terms of:a) Waste Disposalb) Protection of Wildlife and natural resources

3. Do respondents differ in their perceptions as to the Ethical practices of tourists in Callao Cave?

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The Significance of the Study

Ethical Tourism simply means tourism which benefits the people and the environment in different destinations. It can offer a better income to people living in the area by sourcing products and services locally. It is important to understand Ethical Tourism because it will encourage everyone to avoid participation in activities that contribute or support negative ethical issues. The industry will gear up for a better destination preferences and mode of transport based on their ethical, political and racial sensitivities as well as being concerned for the environment and local culture. This aspect will serve as a message or communication designed to ensure that someone remembers it or will take it into account. It will influence every Filipino citizen to preserve, conserve and protect their environment especially the entire ecosystem. Thus, it will motivate everyone to initiate and produce a better source of income for the benefit of both humanity and the environment.

Ethical tourism will move and inspire all people to create a better awareness to the society by means of delegating new products and services locally that will also benefit the local culture and the people. This way, they will also cultivate their surrounding in a more responsible, ethical and nurtured way. With this, every tourism staffs and concerned human will be invigorated to help provoke, invoke and evoke the promotion and the role of Ethical Tourism in the society, whereas, someone will use it to support the promotion of Ethical Tourism. In the end, there will be a greater hope for everyone especially the future generations without compromising their needs. It’s a potential tool to provide social awareness, information, social equality, economic prosperity and a better environment and cultural protection. With these ethical processes, there will be a bigger chance to successfully attain a world with a better and greener tourism, to revitalizing ecological tourism where flora and fauna and the cultural heritage are the primary attractions.

Underpinning theory

Relativity Theory

In this theory, it is regarded that ethical behaviour emerges as a result of subjective judgements related with individual or group experiences. It is also regarded that every society or culture has specific different ethical rules rather than general rules and principles (Hansen, 1992, p. 523; Akoğlan Kozak and Güçlü, 2006, p. 32). These philosophical classifications that the researchers developed suggest to change conflicting ideas, rules and judgements by making activities to be evaluated whether they are ethical or not, moral or not, just or not. By developing heuristic methods or practical rules, most managers (consciously or not) make decisions using the philosophies based on these ethical theories when they face managerial issues or dilemmas (Ferrell and Gresham, 1985). Several studies examining the influence of these generally accepted ethical theories on management have been conducted (Reidenbach and Robin, 1988, 1990; Fennell and Malloy, 1999; Hansen, 1992; Cavusgil, 2007; Yildiz, et al., 2009; Yilmaz and Gunel, 2009). The most important one among these studies in terms of ascertaining the validity and reliability of the measurement methods applied is the one by Reidenbach and Robin. The researchers, by applying the Multi-dimensional Ethics Scale, gathered very comprehensive findings about the ethical theories that the managers rely on in decision-making. In this study, while Reidenbach and Robin (1988) examined teleological theories under two separate titles as pragmatism and individualism, they explained deontological theories as justice and deontology. The relativity theory, on the other hand, was regarded as a separate ethical theory. (Reidenbach and Robin, 1990, p. 645).

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Literature Review by Themes

Practices on Ethical Tourism

The tourism industry is one of the largest industries in the world, and despite recent events that have made its operating environment more complex, the industry continues to grow (Theobald, 2005). It has the potential to bring major benefits to destinations, but can also be damaging to the people living there and to their environment. Other industries have already understood this ambivalent nature of trade and have adopted the triple bottom line of social, environmental and economic responsibility. It is now time for the tourism industry to rise to this challenge – the challenge of ethical tourism. Ethical tourism is in the best interests of all involved. It offers tour operators a competitive advantage and safeguards the future of the industry by ensuring the long-term sustainability of a destination. It offers the tourists a richer experience, as holidays will draw on the distinctive features of a destination. It is also in the interests of those living there and those working for development, as it can help to combat poverty and contribute to sustainable development. The tourism industry is highly competitive and tour operators are under increasing pressure to differentiate their products. Research suggests that once the main criteria for a holiday are satisfied (location/facilities, cost and availability), clients will make choices based on ethical considerations such as working conditions, the environment and charitable giving. Clients are also looking for increased quality and experience in their holiday. In this climate, companies would do well to differentiate their products according to consumer demand i.e. based on ethical criteria1 In this respect, especially in recent years a new issue is under discussion called "ethics in tourism" and it calls all the people involved in tourism industry to follow its codes and help the sustainable development of this industry. This research is concerned with the issue of the ethics in tourism industry and it focuses on the Global Code of Ethics for tourism set by the Worlds Tourism Organization. (Donyadide, A. 2010).

Protected Species and Natural Resources

The ethics of using animals for the amusement of tourists was again called into question recently following an attack on an animal keeper in Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney, Australia. Lucy Melo was rushed to hospital in a critical condition after being crushed against a post by a baby elephant during a morning training session on October 19. This follows the death of Franklin Zoo director and keeper Dr. Helen Schofield, who was crushed to death by the trunk of a former circus elephant in New Zealand in April this year. Both animal workers were reputed to have excellent relationships with the elephants involved, and both situations are believed to be accidents. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) has called for zoos to phase out elephant exhibits. The often-controversial organization argues that the lack of space and reduced opportunity for normal socializing can lead to physical ailments as well as emotional trauma. “The recent incident at Taronga Zoo shows once again that these animals are not designed for a life in captivity,” said Claire Fryer, PETA Australia’s campaign coordinator. “They are bred or captured for a lifetime of misery.” But zoos are not the only place where the treatment of elephants has been of concern for animal activist groups. Elephants are regularly used as a tourist attraction in Asia, and elephant riding is considered a “must” when visiting Thailand. In addition to providing rides, elephants are often used to perform circus tricks, paint pictures, or give massages. (Laura, R. 2012)

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Waste Disposal

Perspectives on Past and Present Waste Disposal Practices: A Community-Based Participatory Research Project in Three Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. The impact of current and historical waste disposal practices on the environment and human health of Indigenous people in First Nations communities has yet to be adequately addressed. Solid waste disposal has been identified as a major environmental threat to First Nations Communities. A community-based participatory research project (CBPR) was initiated by the Saskatoon Tribal Council Health and Family Services Incorporated to investigate concerns related to waste disposal in three Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. Utilizing a qualitative approach, we aimed to gain an understanding of past and present waste disposal practices and to identify any human and environmental health concerns related to these practices. One to one interviews and sharing circles were conducted with Elders. Elders were asked to share their perspectives on past and present waste disposal practices and to comment on the possible impacts these practices may have on the environment and community health. Historically waste disposal practices were similar among communities. The homeowner generated small volumes of waste, was exclusively responsible for disposal and utilized a backyard pit. Overtime waste disposal evolved to weekly pick-up of un-segregated garbage with waste disposal and open trash burning in a community dump site. Dump site locations and open trash burning were identified as significant health issues related to waste disposal practices in these communities. To better inform waste management practices, communities could take part in a waste inventory to gain a better understanding of the types and volume of hazardous, household and recyclable wastes generated and the need for, and degree of, segregation, waste reduction and recycling regimes required for these communities. The process of local waste disposal could also be explored to inform waste practices and the initiation of a composing regime to promote waste reduction could be implemented. (Goodwin, H. and Francis, J. 2003).

Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

The diagram shows the independent and dependent variables which are the respondent’s profile which includes age, sex, educational attainment and occupation and also the Ethical Practices of Tourists in terms of Waste Disposal and Protecting Wildlife and Natural Resources as factors affecting the practices of tourist in Callao Cave Peñablanca, Cagayan. Continually it shows dependent variable on the Ethical Practices of tourists in Callao Cave.

Profile of respondents in terms of:

1. Age2. Sex3. Occupation 4. Educational attainment5. Type of tourist

Practices of tourists in Ethical Tourism in terms of:

1. Waste Disposal2. Protection of Wildlife and

Natural Resources

The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave

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HypothesisIn the light of the paper, the writer hypothesized that: There is no significant difference on the perceptions of respondents as to the Ethical practices of tourists in Callao Cave.

MethodologyThe researchers of the study will use descriptive research. It describes the tourist’s practices using tourists and respondents profile towards the Application of Ethical Tourism in Various Tourist Destinations.

It will be conducted among the foreign and local tourist visiting Callao Cave and the residents of Peñablanca, Cagayan. The researcher used quota sampling to get the sample. The researchers will visit the eco-tourism park of Peñablanca, Cagayan to float the questionnaires to the respondents.

The researcher of the study will use survey questionnaire to gather information. Contents of the questionnaire include the profile of the respondents, the practices of tourists in Ethical Tourism and The Application of Ethical Tourism in Various Tourist Destinations.

The study will use Frequency Count, Mean, T-test and ANOVA to determine the differences of the practices of tourists when grouped according to age, sex, educational attainment, occupation.

The respondents of the study are the foreign and local tourists that will be limited to 200 respondents that will be interviewed.

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Appendix A

Bibliography Objective of the study

Variables/ Key terms

Method Findings result

Enea, C. (2007).The Tourism industry of ethics and TourismSouth-Western Publishing Co.Vol. 14

To assess how theCharacteristics of issues influenceEthical beliefs, how individuals think andDevise what is ethical and unethical andHow different variables influence ethicalPerceptions.

Ethics in tourism, ethical decision-making

The study was conducted in Strada Victoriei, Târgu Jiu, Romania with business companies and local school premises as the target prospect. Teleogical approach andDeontologicalApproach were potentially used as a ground method for the research.

Finally, studies of ethics andgender have found females to be less tolerant than males of situations involving ethical dilemmas.It was found that female students are more critical than their male classmates of questionable business practices. Others have found studentfemales to have higher moral values than males. Femalebusiness students prefer a utilitariandecision rule while male businessstudents prefer an Egoist approach to evaluating ethical dilemmas.

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Bibliography Objective Variables/key terms

Method Findings/result

Dornier, R.; Cothias, V. (2011)The Application of Collective Ethics Charters: The Case of FrenchAdventure Tour-Operators.Canadian Center Of Science And Education.Vol. 4, No. 1S

the main objective of this article is to determine - in anexploratory way and basing our approach on the perceptions of top managers - the extent to which the principles setout in the collective charters of ethics adopted by the adventure travel industry are in fact applied by its memberorganizations.

Tourism, Adventure-tour operators, Charters of ethics, Executives' perceptions

Data collection and analysisBetween April and June 2009 we conducted semi-direct face-to-face interviews with seven top managers from sevenAdventure-tour operators.

The exclusive use of an individual charter of ethics, even with an intensive commitment, may in our opinion proveinadequate in comparison to the use of a combination of individual and collective charters of ethics.compliance with the ethical commitments set out in an individual charter rests only on thegoodwill of the firm, which constitutes an insufficient guarantee.

Fennell and Malloy (1999) found that operators in the tourism industry cannot be considered homogeneous in termsof their ethical orientation. Specifically, their results show that ecotourism operators have a higher sense of ethicalconduct than do their peers in other ventures. They explain partly this finding by the fact that ecotourism operatorsreported the use of codes of ethics in their business practices to a greater degree (95%) than other tourism operators.Presumably then, the operators implementing daily codes of ethics are more likely to have a consistent ethicalapproach throughout their business operations.

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Bibliography Objective Variables/Key Terms

Method Findings

Simon, T. (2012).The ethics platform in tourism research: A WesternAustralianperspective of Bhutan’s GNH Tourism ModelSouthAsian Publishers.1608-411XVolume 27

to report on three major findings ofthe case study.to investigate and understand a group of Western Australians’perspective of Bhutan as a valued tourist destination and the likelihood ofparticipants visiting Bhutan.

Gross National Happiness, Tourism, Ethics

Three key questions were asked. through surveys and interviews andshowed the audience a fifteen minutes DVD about Bhutan’s main touristattractions. The data analysis tool SPSS 18 program was used toanalyse quantitativenominal data using the Likert scale.

(N=64) where: (i) 64% of respondentsagreed that GNH (Gross National Happiness) is the best measure of a nation’s development; (ii) 98% ofrespondents agreed thathappiness is important for the ‘well-being’ of a nation, and (iii) 89% ofrespondents indicated that they were more likely tovisit Bhutan after attendingthe event.there is littleevidence to show that indeedthe local population benefits from tourism, since as discussed earlier,‘leakages’ do occur. Therefore, through the mechanism of the GNH (Gross National Happiness) policy, there is evidence of ethical distribution of tourism revenue

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towards the ‘well-being’ of the Bhutanese.


Method Findings/Result

Psarikidou, k. (2007).Environmental ethics and biodiversityPolicy in tourism: the Caretta-CarettaCase in GreeceEC, DGXII1790-8418Vol. 3

to explore the relationship betweenenvironmental ethics, the current Biodiversity and Sustainable TourismDevelopment policy-making and the tourism industry.The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on tourism inrelation to environmental ethics and the relative biodiversity policy.

ethics, tourism journals, audit culture, instrumental reason, research standards

Methods were used from Conference Reports, Minutes of Meetings,studies, secondary sources, internet sites, press releases and interviews.technocentric and anthropocentric approach

it is concluded thatpublic consensus and discourse prove to be essential for a shift to a more attentiveand less anthropocentic ethical approach by policy-makers and tourism actors’ ina multilevel governance society.



Nergiz, G.; Kozak, A., et.al (2011).Ethical Approaches And Their Application In Hotel Managers' Decision Making.University of the Aegean.1790-8418, 1792-6521Vol. 6

This study aims at evaluating the ethical approaches effective for managers working at hotel business when making decisions.

Ethics, ethical theories, process of making ethical decisions, scenario

In the study, the interview method was employed.Multi-Dimensional Ethics Scale developed in the previous years was employed in order to gather data. As it is known, the researchers made extensive examinations on

The results suggest that managers prefer the contract -basedtheoretical approach more frequently in decision making. It was also found thatmanagers differ in their choice of ethical approaches in

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the dimensions related with moral justice, relativity and social contract by employing this scale. In the study, the participants’ opinions were taken by employing a septet scale with eight different expressions and five scenarios.

terms of the scenarios.This difference is caused by subjective approaches which are used when dealingwith problems related to socio-cultural and institutional reputation and ecology.


Method Findings

Barquín,S.; Barquín, C., et. al.Guerrero, G. (2012).Reflections on Tourism, Development and SustainabilityCABI Publishing.1790-8418, 1792-6521Vol. 7

To contribute to the construction of an alternative paradigm for the existing relationship between responsible tourism, local development and sustainability from an environmental perspective (Serrano-Barquín 2006; 2008).

harmonious tourism, ethical tourism, sustainability, paradigm, environment, local development

combining dialectic and eclectic, quantitative and qualitative methods to create theoretical and methodological tools that are more suited to the diversity of the tourism phenomenon, which in turn must be linked to an ideological conception of sustainability and culture.

The predatory practices of tourism are being overcome, albeit in a modest way. However, new groups of researchers and planners emphasize the importance of developing responsible tourism with the participation of local communities, especially in poor and developing countries.New practices of tourism are being created in various parts of the world that empower local people to make decisions, administer and

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regulate the action at the local level. As a result, communities living along river banks, in meadows, on beaches, in small inner cities and indigenous communities have the freedom and autonomy to say “yes” or “no” to tourism.



Goodwin, H. and Francis, J. (2003).Ethical and responsible tourism:Consumer trends in the UKTearfund 2000Vol. 9

to be able toprovide them with the type of informationand experience they are increasingly able to demand’.

responsible tourism, ethicalconsumers, tour operators, market trends

A sample of 963 respondents surveyed faceto face by MORI in the street in the period2nd–24th September, 2000, in 107 constituency-basedsampling points; dataweighted to reflect the profile of Britishholidaymakers. In 2002 the same methodologywas used with 713 respondents; thefieldwork dates were 10th–25th September,2002.

The results provide firm evidence thatenvironmental issues are important to manypackage holidaymakers when they choose orrecommend particular destinations. Morethan half the respondents said that the issueof food or water shortages for local residentsmattered a great deal to them in choosing orrecommending destinations, and there wasan increase of 8 per cent in those

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saying thatit mattered a great deal to them between2000 and 2002. The number saying that airpollution and the aesthetics of hotels mat tered a great deal to them also increased by 5 per cent and 7 per cent respectively. Concern about crime also increased (2006).



Harng, S. (2012).Negotiating Social Responsibilities In TourismVol. 3

To achieve the stated research objectives of critically questioning what entailsresponsibility in tourism, and especially to highlight how such notions can differ betweenthe various actors in tourism, a multi-method or triangulation approach was used,whereby various methodological tools and scales will be adopted. This approach is in linewith postcolonial and feminist interventions that have argued that the strategy oftriangulation has the advantage of ensuring that the weaknesses of a single method maybe compensated by the counter-balancing strength of another (see,

Geography of care and responsibility, Responsible tourism, Ethical consumption, Corporate Social Responsibility, Thailand.

To approach the myriad of questions here suggested, avariety of methods were adopted. These included discourse analysis of travel guidebooksand online travel media; interviews with various respondents from tourists, to tourcompanies and hotels, to locals; in-depth case studies and

the villagers had begun rebuilding their lives, and with the help of a young American who had been working in a nearby guesthouse, they set about deciding on a new future for themselves. The result was Andaman Discoveries, a community-based tourism venture that aims to provide a supplementary income to fishing in the villages like

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for example England,1994; England, 2002; Kwan, 2002). This section therefore discusses the methods used inthis research (discourse analysis, case studies and participant observations, and in-depthinterviews), under the broader umbrella of the scales at which this research will consider‘responsibility’ – including popular travel related literature, travel related companies, tourists, and local communities in destinations of responsible tourism.

participant observation withtwo specific organizations – 1. The Elephant Mahout Project; and 2. Exotissimo TravelThailand; and eventually also included nuggets of information informally accessedthrough social media such as Facebook (each aspect and why it is included will bediscussed in greater detail in Section 4.4)

Ban Talae Nok. It’s a form of tourism very much on the villagers’ terms: they are involved and consulted throughout, and eighty percent of the trip’s cost goes direct to the village (twenty percent of this via a community fund)… (Hammond and Smith, 2009: 294).



Donyadide, A. (2010).Ethics in TourismEuroJournals, Inc.Vol. 17

To observe whether the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism is effective or not.Promote awareness of sustainability amongst hosts, guests, local communities, as well as suppliers/business partners

Tourism, tourism industry, ethics, sustainable tourism

The steps taken this year led us to a series of interviews—initially with business leaders—that illustrate and exemplify current practices that encourage

The understanding and promotion of the ethical values common to humanity, with an attitudeof tolerance and respect for the diversity of religious, philosophical and moral beliefs, are boththe foundation and the consequence of responsible tourism; -The host communities, on the one hand, and local professionals, on the other, are now acquaintingthemselves with and respect the tourists who visit them and find out

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through environmental awareness and capacity development efforts and events;

and promote sound ethical judgment.

about their lifestyles, tastesand expectations; the education and training imparted to professionals contribute to a hospitablewelcome;Tourism professionals have an obligation to provide tourists with objective and honestinformation on their places of destination and on the conditions of travel, hospitality and stays;Governments have the right – and the duty - especially in a crisis, to inform their nationals ofthe difficult circumstances, or even the dangers they may encounter during their travels abroad;it is their responsibility however to issue such information without prejudicing in an unjustifiedor exaggerated.normality permits;



Jamal, J.;Blanca A. and Wilson E. (2013).Critical Omissions and New Directions for Sustainable Tourism: A Situated Macro–Micro ApproachCooper, Inc.2071-1050Vol. 5

To measure responsibility through the appraisal of sustainable tourism indicators.

Sustainable tourism; responsible tourism; critical research; justice and ethics

Research was gathered through Qualitative approach.We identify some key omissions, such as the missing body in sustainable tourism discourse, lack of critical analysis of postcolonial and dependency

Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be

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issues, and propose re-situating sustainable tourism‘ within a micro–macro, local-global systems approach informed by a clear framework of justice and ethics.

fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems.Responsible tourism focused on micro-level, action-oriented, community-level approach, oriented towards a concern for nature, culture, humans (tourists and residents included) and the living/non-livings systems in which they lived. Respect and care are important values in responsible tourism, and attention to disadvantage, unfairness and poverty is evident.



Siti a. and mohd hafiz mohd h. (2014)Local community attitudes towards tourism development in tioman island.Tourism, leisure and global changeVol. 1

To examine the definite outcome of the study from the tioman’s quality of life.To investigate the common areas this concerns tourism development in the area.

Attitudes, personal benefit, perceived tourism impact, future attitudes

Variables are adopted from the latkova & vogt (2012) and lankford & howard (1994). The questionnaires developed from a review of existing literature dealing with local community attitudes toward tourism development. The measurement of the attitudes used in this study applied the tourism impact

The significant of personal benefit from tourism development show that most of respondents’ obtaining the benefit from the tourism activity in tioman island. In other word, tourism brings improvement of their quality of life. The more benefit respondents’ perceived gaining from tourism personally, the more

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attitude scales (tias) developed by lankford and howard (1994) as the standardized of measurement of residents attitudes toward tourism developed. This measurement has been tested in various setting of tourism area and destination (latkova & vogt, 2012). The number of questionnaires distributed is 250 however, only 129 responses received.

likely they are to increase the support for tourism development (wang & pfister, 2008).



Yasong, w. And robert e. (2008) residents’ attitudes toward tourism and perceived personal benefits in a rural communitySage publicationsVol. 20

This research focuses on residents’ perceptions of personal benefits from tourism, identifying not only the relationships between personal benefits from tourism and residents’ attitudes toward tourism but also the nature of benefits associated with tourism

Rural community; tourism planning; residents’ attitudes; social exchange theory; perceived personal benefits

The study was conducted in a small rural community where tourism is still at its emerging stage.To examine residents’ attitudes toward tourism in washington, north carolina, the authors adopted 20 statements from the tourism impact attitude scale (tias) and built a 20-item, 5-point likert-type response format based on this scale (1 = strongly

The findings of this investigation verify the significant role played by personal benefits, particularly the indirect social values, in the process of exchange for residents’ favorable attitude toward tourism. Jurowski, uysal, and williams (1997) examined respondents that did not enjoy a direct economic benefit from tourism and found those residents to be neutral in their attitude toward tourism. However the findings in that

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disagree; 2 = disagree; 3 = neutral; 4 = agree; 5 = strongly agree).

study indicated those respondents still believed there “will be economic and social benefits from an increase in tourism” (p. 7). As reported in the case of washington, 99% of the respondents stated that they did not have a direct economic benefit from tourism; however, they expressed a distinctively positive attitude toward tourism and identified a variety of shared social benefits they associated with tourism development.



Jon, d. Todd, g. Et. Al (2013).Community scale and resident attitudes towards tourism.Sage publishing.Vol. 12

To investigate the use of multiple community scales for the investigation of physical distance from tourism as a factor influencing resident attitudes.

Tourism, attitude, culture, equality.

Statistical methods commonly employed in the resident attitudes towards tourism literature include descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, factor analysis, regression analysis and contingency analysis (jakus and siegel, 1996). When using data

The closer tourism is proposed in relation to residents, the greater the exposure to both the benefits and costs related to tourism. It is also suggested that the benefits and costs of tourism diminish with distance at different rates. For example, tourism-generated jobs

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generated by attitudinal surveys, ordered discrete choice regression models are often an appropriate estimator (greene, 1992).

can be accessed by residents living outside of tourism centers while tourism generated noise and congestion are likely to be endured more immediately by those living within the tourist center. Given different bundles of benefits and costs perceived at the town- and county-scale, these relationships suggest different balancing in the formulation of resident attitudes towards tourism. Relationships suggest different balancing in the formulation of resident attitudes towards tourism.



Rich, h. (2004).Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: a literature review with implications for tourism planning.Georgia institute of technology’s economic development institute, tourism and regional assistance

By exploring the literature on resident attitudes toward tourism development, this article examines (1) resident attitudes toward tourism in relation to socioeconomic factors; (2) spatial factors; (3) economic

Tourism planning, economic development, research methods, resident attitudes, citizen participation

Interview method.

Planners are increasingly turning to tourism as a viable economic development strategy, as many communities experience industrial restructuring. Consequently, many residents are exposed to tourism for the

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centers (tracs)251-266Vol. 18 no. 3

dependency; (4) resident and community typologies; (5) measuring residents’ attitudes tourism development; and (6) theoretical perspectives such as community attachment, social exchange theory, and growth machine theory.

first time, whereas established destinations experience increasing volumes of tourists. Planners are now challenged with understanding how the public perceives tourism in order to gain local support for tourism projects and initiatives.



Alex M.,et al.Regional (2015). Contrasts in consumers’ attitudes and behavior following the bp oil spillSage publishingVol. 10

Examine how consumers’ reactions to the british petrolium (bp) oil spill and their attitudes about the gulf of mexico as a tourism destination differ as a function of the respondents’ geographic location of residence and their past travel behavior.

Marketing and sales eco-tourism tourism operations communications and decision making organizational behave or

Observation method and geographical tools, and sampling are the tools used for conducting the study.

In particular, consumers from the southeast region, when compared with the three other geographic regions we sampled, had more negative views regarding the oil spill on a number of dependent measures. We also found that individuals who traveled to florida in the two years prior to the oil spill reported higher perceptions of environmental risk than those individuals who had not traveled to florida during

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that same time frame.



Xiang, l. (2015).Understanding residents’ perception changes toward a mega-event through a dual-theory lensSage publishingVol. 9

This study attempts to investigate the integration of social exchange theory (set) and social representations theory (srt) in understanding residents’ perception changes throughout a mega-event’s full life cycle.

Resident perceptions mega-events social exchange theory social representations theory shanghai expo

A three-wave survey approach was employed to track local residents’ evolving attitudes toward the 2010 shanghai expo.

Results showed that shanghai residents’ perceived impacts at the community level were more positive than at the individual level. Residents’ visit status (i.e., whether they attended the event or not) did not appear to substantially influence their perceptions of impacts at either level, albeit attendees did demonstrate more favorable attitudes on several aspects. Most residents held similar perceptions at the beginning of and six months after the expo had concluded, but their perceptions at the expo’s conclusion were the most negative. This study supports that set and Socially Responsible Tourism are distinctly operative in

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different contexts but can complement each other in explaining residents’ perception changes.



Lindsay e. (2014).Residents’ perceptions of quality of life in a surf tourism destination: a case study of las salinas, nicaragua.Sage publishing.321-333Vol. 14 no. 4

To examine the impacts of tourism on local residents.

Tourism development,t quality of life, lesser developed countries, nicaragua

Various types of research tools and methods were integrated such as: interview papers, face-to-face conversation, research scales and observation method.

Studies examining the impacts of tourism on local residents have failed to capture the way in which rural residents in Lesser developed countries perceive their lives before considering the impact of tourism.



anthony, w.(2012).Access to the beachComparing the economic values of coastal residents and touristsSage publishing.742-753Vol. 51 no. 6

This study’s purpose is to estimate the economic values coastal residents and tourists assign to public beach access, and provide options for financing such projects.

Contingent evaluation, coastal tourism, residents beach access, economic evaluation

Estimates of these values were calculated using the doubled-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation technique.

Results indicated that coastal residents were willing to pay $2.46 for additional public beach access, while coastal tourists’ mean willingness to pay was $6.33. Findings suggest additional public beach access locations are desirable to both coastal residents and tourists. Supplying coastal resource managers

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with these values can assist in justifying the use of public resources on beach access projects, as well as in the development of long-term policies.



Kyle m.(2012).Using emotional solidarity to explain residents’ attitudes about tourism and tourism development.Sage publishing.315-327Vol. 51 no. 3

To investigate the tourists behaviour in desired areas. Such as their feelingS and attitudes.

Emotional solidarity scale (ess), tourism impact attitude scale (tias),Residents, structural equation modeling (sem), texas tourism development

The emotional solidarity scale (ess) and its factors were used to predict levels of the tourism impact attitude scale (tias) and its factors.

In confirming the factor structure for each scale, both were found to have high internal consistency (through composite reliability and maximal weighted alpha coefficients) and high validity (through convergent and discriminant validity). Collectively, each of the three ESS factors (welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) significantly predicted the two TIAS factors (support for tourism development and contributions tourism makes to the community), with two exceptions.

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Woosman, m. (2011).Comparing residents’ and tourists’ emotional solidarity with one anotherAn extension of durkheim’s model.Sage publishing.615-626Vol. 50 no. 6

To examine residents’ and tourists’ degree of emotional solidarity experienced with one another.

Resident and tourist interaction, self and other confirmatory,Factor analysis, galveston island

Finding the mean and the factors that will contribute to the study, research scales, quantitative data collected.

results showed that Emotional Solidarity Scale factors explained a considerable degree of variance (i.e., 29% to 36%) in the resulting Festival Social Impact Attitude Scale factors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed along with limitations and opportunities for future research concerning this line of research.



Woosnam, m. (2011).testing a model of durkheim’s theory of emotional solidarity among residents of a tourism communitySage publishing546-558Vol. 50 no. 5

The purpose of this study was to test the theoretical framework of emotional solidarity in seeking to better explain the dynamic, complex relationships existing between residents and tourists. Measurement and structural models pertaining to the framework were simultaneously estimated, both of which were deemed to have

Resident and tourist interaction, durkheim emotional solidarity, structural equation, modelling, eqs, statistical program

Three antecedent constructs (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behavior, and interaction) were all found to be significant predictors of emotional solidarity, explaining approximately 33% of the variance in the construct.

Three antecedent constructs (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behavior, and interaction) were all found to be significant predictors of emotional solidarity, explaining approximately 33% of the variance in the construct. This work provides support for Durkheim’s theoretical framework and provides a gateway into future studies

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good model fit based on incremental and absolute model fit indices.

surrounding emotional solidarity.



Vikneswaran N. and Reza A.(2008).Perception of Tourists on the Responsible Tourism Concept In Langkawi, Malaysia: Are We Up To It?CABI Publishing.Vol. 5

To investigate the level of sustainability of the tourism industry in Langkawi in terms of economic, socio-cultural and environment as per the Responsible Tourism concept.To collect and document tourist feedback and perception on attractions and Langkawi as a premier tourist destination. 3. To study the level of acceptance on the concept of RT among the local and international tourists visiting Langkawi.

responsible tourism, sustainable tourism, ecotourism, Langkawi

Data collection was carried out and coordinated by 4 researchers and 22 research assistants (RAs) from Taylor’s College, School of Hospitality and Management, Malaysia and Wild Asia, a Malaysian-based company that specialises in supporting conservation initiatives in Asia.

The results of this research showed that the main purpose for tourists visiting Langkawi was to have a simply relaxing holiday. Among all the tourists, more than half of them were of the opinion that cleanliness and accommodation prices were the main considerations for their travelling. They placed more importance on valuable and reasonably clean resorts. The mouth-watering nature and beaches of Langkawi have seduced tourists from around the world, and its beautiful beaches and duty-free shopping have boosted the island’s economy and tourism industry.The fast development of tourism in Langkawi, hotels and resort constructions, and the increasing population in Langkawi today may bring negative impact to Langkawi in the future if the principles of RT (Responsible Tourism) are not

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adopted. Through the research, we can conclude that most tourists will avoid irresponsible tourism activities which are provided by the tour operators, resorts and hotel, and tourism agents. Responsible Tourism is still not commonly practised in Langkawi by both local communities and tourists, especially the westerners. However, there is a good indication that the majority of tourists will support Responsible Tourism if there is an option given to them.



Laura J. Lawton (2005).Resident Perceptions of Tourist Attractions on the Gold Coast of AustraliaSAGE PUBLISHINGVol. 5

To find out what are the significant differences among the clusters.

resident perceptions; tourist attractions; personal construct theory; Gold Coast; Australia, a repertory grid

A repertory grid (RG) test that enabled patients to express and record their own worlds.

There were no significant differences among the clusters with respect to this statement. Attitudes toward the elicited group of attractions therefore appear at first glance to be independent from attitudes toward tourism overall.



Tigre F., To test the Destination Hofstede’s Studies related to tourist

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Gnoth J., et al. (2012).The Effects of Localising Cultural Values on Tourism Destination Websites on Tourist’s Willingness to Travel.E-Review of Tourism Research (ertr),Vol. 10, No. 2

validity of Singh’s et al. (2005) framework of cultural values localisation on tourism destination sites, and to investigate the need for, and propose, if necessary, adaptations for the framework under the new context.

websites; website localisation; cultural values.

methodology and age of data (Fernandez, Carlson et al. 1997), Singh’s et al. (2005), Singh’s et al. (2005) cultural framework has been widely used to investigate cultural values on websites from a number of countries

motivations have shown that visitors, especially from individualist cultures, consider trips as moments for unplanned behaviours, and freedom from social norms or regulations which rule the culture they live in. In this context, attitudes of individuals are driven to satisfy their own self and not the social norms from the culture they belong (mcintosh and Goeldner 1990; Gnoth, 1997).



Zhiyong Fan, Sheng Zhong, 2012Harmonious Tourism Environment and Tourists Perception: An Empirical Study of Mountain-Type World Cultural Heritage Sites in China.Http://www.scirp.org/journal/jssmVol. 11

To indicate the relationship between harmonious tourism environment perception and tourists’ loyalty.

Harmonious Tourism Environment; Tourist Perception; World Cultural Heritage

Research utilizes SPSS 13.0 as the tool to conduct descriptive analysis, factor analysis and reliability analysis. Then AMOS 7.0 is used to depict the structural equation model (SEM) of the harmonious tourism environment perception theoretical model, as well as calculate and test the path coefficients. SEM now is broadly used in

Demographic characteristics are calculated from the samples, and female is more than male, most people’s age are between 15 - 34 (56.3%), the majority of the samples (78.5%) have the education level of the college, students are the most frequent occupation (48.05) as well as travel with friends is the most popular tourism pattern (41.1%).

http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jssm



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the realms of psychology, pedagogy, statistics and marketing, and is also more and more applied in tourism research.



Murphy P. & Pritchard M.et al,(2000).The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions.Elsevier Science Ltd.Volume 21, Issue 1

To study the impact of tourist perceptions,Destination image and satisfactionOn tourist loyalty;

Perception, Image, Satisfaction, Loyalty, Attributes and Determinants.

Undertaken using secondary data relating to visits to a premier Canadian destination, with respect to its visitors’ perceptions of quality, value and intent to return.

The earlier study result reveals that tourist perception, destination image and tourist satisfaction directly influence destination loyalty. The outcomes of the study have significant managerial implications for destination marketing managers.



Alegre J & Garau J.(2010).Tourist satisfaction and dissatisfactionElsevier Ltd.Volume 37, Issue 1

To examine the impact of the satisfaction- and dissatisfaction-based evaluations on both the tourists’ overall satisfaction and their intention to return to the destination.

Tourists’ satisfaction;Tourists’ dissatisfaction;Dissatisfaction measurement;Intention to return;Sun and sand destinations

Satisfaction surveys usually include evaluations of different destination attributes on an ordinal scale.

The tourist can express his/her satisfaction or dissatisfaction with each attribute. In this study it is suggested that some of the tourists’ negative or unsatisfactory experiences need to be defined within a specific context of evaluation. An analysis is made of the differences and the complementary nature of the concepts

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and measurements of satisfaction and dissatisfaction during the holiday experience.



Gallarza M.&Saura I.(2006).Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: an investigation of university students’ travel behaviour.Elsevier Ltd.Volume 27, Issue 3

To investigate the dimensionality of consumer value in a travel-related context (students’ travel behaviour), adopting Holbrook's typology, and combining it with negative inputs of value. To explore the relations between consumer perceptual constructs such as perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty.

To explore the relations between consumer perceptual constructs such as perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty.

Tourism and hospitality research have recently shown an interest in value; especially, when investigated with quality and/or satisfaction and investigate the dimensionality of consumer value in a travel-related context adopting Holbrook's typology, and combining it with negative inputs of value.

The results confirm the existence of a quality–value–satisfaction–loyalty chain and illustrate the complexity of value dimensions that have been shown to be highly sensitive to the tourism experience.



Lam &Hsu C.(2006).Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination.Elsevier Ltd.Volume 27,Issue 4

To test the applicability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model using its core constructs (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control), with the addition of the past behavior variable, on behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination.

Theory of planned behavior; Attitude; Subjective norm; Perceived behavioral control; Past behaviour

The complex decision-making process leading to the choice of a travel destination. The study sample comprised 299 potential Taiwanese travelers to Hong Kong. The data fitted the TPB model moderately well.

Attitude, perceived behavioral control, and past behavior were found to be related to behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Theoretical and marketing implications were derived.

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George R.(2010).Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town.Elsevier Ltd.Volume 31, Issue 6

To investigate tourist perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk whilst visiting Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) in Cape Town in June and July 2008.

Tourism; Perceptions; Crime-safety; Risk attitudes; Crime prevention

The study examined survey data of 303 domestic and international tourists during their visit to TMNP. A linear regression analysis revealed that although visitors had concerns about their personal safety they are still likely to return to TMNP and recommend it to other people. In addition, visitor attitudes towards risk did not influence perceptions of crime-safety and its effect on their intentions to revisit or recommend TMNP.

The results show that respondent's individual characteristics such as age, nationality, and purpose of visit influenced their perceptions of crime-safety. Perceptions that TMNP is unsafe tended to increase with respondent's age. Respondents on holiday were more likely to perceive TMNP as safer than those on business or visiting friends and relatives. The study's findings add to the literature by offering more insight on tourist perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk and their impact on tourist behaviour. Various tourist-crime prevention measures to enhance visitor safety at national parks are also recommended to the tourism industry and law enforcement agencies.



Casaló L. &Flavián C.(2010).Determinants of the intention to participate in firm-hosted

The aim of this paper is to examine the roles of attitude, subjective norm and

User-Generated Content; Theory of Planned Behavior; Travel industry.Resumo: O Conteúdo

Observation method, Evaluation, Survey

The findings indicated that the tourists’ purchase decision is strongly influenced by online travel reviews.The results indicated that perceived behavioral

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online travel communities and effects on consumer behavioral intentions.Elsevier Ltd.Volume 31, Issue 6

perceived behavior control in respect of travelers’ intention to use UGC when making travel plans.

Gerado pelo Usuário (UGC) tais como comentários online de viagens

control was a significant predictor of intention to purchase a product and to get information from a web vendor. Bhattacherjee (2000) investigated consumer use of online brokerages and found a positive relationship between perceived behavior control and intentions. Perceived usefulness of the advice, trust in the online travel community, and attitude toward the advice were found to be relevant to Spanish speaking members of several online travel communities in determining their intention to follow the advice obtained in these communities.



Nicolau J. & Mas F.(2006).The influence of distance and prices on the choice of tourist destinations: The moderating role of motivations.Elsevier Ltd.Volume 27, Issue 5

To study the effects of distance and prices are moderated by tourist motivations at the moment of choosing a destination, which leads us to make hypotheses to explain this decision through the interaction between destination attributes and the personal motivations of the individual

Tourism marketing; Attributes of destinations; Motivations; Intra-country destinations; Random coefficient logit models.

The methodology applied estimates random coefficient logit models, which control possible correlations between different destinations and consider tourist heterogeneity.

The empirical application carried out in Spain on a sample of 2127 individuals, shows that the dissuasive influence of distance and prices on the selection of destinations is moderated by motivations, in the sense that the motivations have a direct (increasing the dissuasive effect) or inverse (reducing the dissuasive effect) moderating effect on the influences of distance and prices.

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tourists.



Harrill R. (2004)Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism Development: A Literature Review with Implications for Tourism PlanningSage PublicationsVol. 18, No. 1

To explore resident attitudes in other locales,Attitudes toward tourism development; and theoretical perspectives.

Tourism planning; economic development; research methods; resident attitudes; citizen participation

As research accumulates regarding resident attitudes toward tourism development, some researchers have attempted to segment residents exhibiting similar attitudes into categories in the same way tourism marketers segment types of travelers. Tourism planners have assumed that such categorizations facilitate the acceptance or predict the rejection of development plans across an entire community. Although these categories have proven valuable in understanding the range of perceptions exhibited within a community, recent tourism research suggests that more subtle differences exist among attitudes than demonstrated in many resident typologies. One of the best-known models of resident attitudes is the Irridex Model or Doxey’s Irridex, first

In a study of northern Wales, Sheldon and Var (1984) discovered evidence suggesting that residents’ attitudes toward tourism development are culturally bound, finding that natives and Welsh speakers were more sensitive to tourism’s social and cultural impacts than were nonnatives and non-Welsh speakers.S. Similarly, in a study of New Braunfels, Texas, Um and Crompton (1987) found German ethnicity was a factor in attitudes toward tourism development, discovering that the more attached a resident was to the community regarding birthplace, heritage, and length of residence, the less positively he or she perceived impacts, with the exception of perceived adverse impacts on environmental quality

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developed by Doxey (1975) and described by Fridgen (1991). This model is used to define attitudes of residents resulting from social impacts in a destination community


Method Findings

Nunkoo, R. Et. Al (2009).A Model for Understanding Residents' Support forTourism in Small IslandsScholarworks@umass AmherstVol. 6

To test a proposed model concerning local resident perceptions about theImpacts of tourism and to test hypotheses to confirm casualRelationships.

Small economies; Community responses; Attitudes; Support; Tourism development, responsible tourism.

Data collectionWill involve the use of a structured questionnaire which will be designed following a review of existing literature onHost attitudes toward tourism. Data will be collected though face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire.The sample size will be determined using a stratified random sampling approach.

A direct positive relationship exists between dependence on tourism and thePerceived positive impacts of tourism. A direct negative relationship exists between occupational identity and the perceivedPositive impacts of tourism. A direct positive relationship exists between community attachment and the perceived positive impacts of tourism. A direct positive relationship exists between community attachment and thePerceived positive impacts of tourism.



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Yaman, H. et al. (2006). Ethical ideologies of tourism marketersElsevier Ltd.Vol 33, No. 2, pp. 470-489

Its purpose is to investigatethe perceptions of ethics and social responsibility and ethical orientationsof tourism marketing managers.

ethics, social responsibility, moral philosophies,cross-cultural stusdies.

a combination of judgmental and snowball-sampling techniques was used to identify the organizations.

A univariate analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses H1a,H1b, and H1c. Turkish managers were significantly more idealistic andmore relativistic than Australian managers (F = 36.63, p = 0.00). Thesmall score of standard deviation on idealism in the case of the Turkishgroup (.51) indicates uniformity in the views of the group (homogeneity).The standard deviation for relativism, on the other hand, was veryhigh (.89) indicating a lack of homogeneity in the group. Although thehigher relativism score was unexpected in this survey, it is in accordancewith the previous research comparing managers from collectivistcultures to those from individualistic cultures (Singhapakdi, Vitell andLeelakulthanit 1994). Turkish managers had a

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higher perception ofthe importance of ethics and social responsibility for organizationaleffectiveness.



Ross G. (2004). Ethical ideals and expectations regarding visitor, staff and Management among potential tourist industry employees.James Cook UniversityVol 8. Pp. 221-215

To examine and investigate the Ethical ideals and expectations regarding visitor, staff, andManagement among potential tourist industry employees

Ethics; Ethics in tourism, Values; Aristotelian virtues

The sample for this study comprised 493 studentsenrolled in years 11 and 12 in a number of state highschools from the Cairns region of Northern Australia.The survey was conducted during August and September,when many were considering postsecondary collegestudy or employment options. Ross (1995, 1997,1998) reports that there is a high level of interest amongsecondary college graduates in tourism/hospitality industrymanagement employment.

Analyses from this study have found thatgraduands conceptualized tourism industry employmentas being represented by two separate domains:that of tourism transport employment, and that oftourism, hospitality, and retail employment. Employmentin airlines, bus lines, tour operations, rail, coachlines, taxi companies, limousine services, etc., wasclearly regarded as a separate and distinct domainto that of other tourism, hospitality, and retail employment.However, it should be noted

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that thesetwo discrete employment domains were not foundto be different with regard to ethical predictors.



Lovelock B. (2008) Ethical travel decisions travel agents and human rightsSage publishing.Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 338–358

Ethical travel decisions travel agents and human rights

Ethics, Ethical Issues, human rights issues

The study uses the moral intensity framework to analyze the ethical decisionmaking of New Zealand travel agents. Qualitative interviews reveal support for all aspects of the framework.

In particular, agents’ judgements are strongly influenced by their perceptions of how their decisions impact upon their clients. In contrast, uncertainty surrounds the probability and magnitude of consequences of their decisions for destination communities. Strong social, cultural, legal, and economic links between the agent and the more proximate stakeholders mean that ethical decisions commonly favor these stakeholders.



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Jim M. October (2005). Towards an ethics platform for tourism.The Centre for Bhutan Studies,ISSN 1608-411X Volume 32, Issue 4, Pages 962–984

to investigate and understand a group of Western Australians’perspective of Bhutan as a valued tourist destination and the likelihood ofparticipants visiting Bhutan after understanding the GNH tourism model at alive display of Bhutanese culture.

Gross National Happiness, Ethics, Ethics in Tourism

three open-ended questions invitedparticipants’ qualitative perspectives with three words that bestdescribed Bhutan; aspects of GNH that participants liked or disliked andany further comments.

The most common three theme words that best describes Bhutan were‘peaceful’ (15%), ‘beautiful’ (14%) and ‘nature’ (13%) from a total of 168descriptive collected. ‘Happiness’ was fourth position with 9%. Furtherfindings revealed that a significant majority 88% of survey respondents(N=64) have not visited Bhutan. This may indicate that Bhutan is lesspopular or more expensive than other mass tourism destinations such asBali, Singapore or Thailand. Of these, almost three-quarters (72%, N=59)of respondents indicated that they would like to visit Bhutan in the future.



Hultsman J., (2000). Just tourism: An ethical

To discover the distinction between a paradigmatic

tourism; ethics; education; professionalism

The researcher of the study used

tourism educational materials do not appear to deal adequately with

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framework. Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 553–567

ethic and an operational code of ethics.

frequency count and descriptive survey.

ethnical issues, the paper proposes a paradigm and discusses the issue of infusing ethics into tourism education.



Hudson S. (2005). The responsible marketing of tourism: the case of Canadian Mountain Holidays.Sage Publishing.Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 133–142

To investigate the responsible marketing of tourism in the case of Canadian Mountain Holidays.

Canadian Mountain Holidays (CMH), responsible marketing of tourism.

The question of responsibility towards the environment is one, which tourism operators generally seem reluctant to accept but one operator that appears to have taken a proactive approach to environmental issues in mountain regions is heli-operator Canadian Mountain Holidays (CMH).

This model is grounded on previous literature in marketing, and strategic and environmental management. Interviews with key stakeholders, observational research, and content analysis of communication materials, were used to identify how near CMH is to finding a balance between responsible action and the communication of these activities.

Appendix B

CONCEPTUAL TAGS LEXICAL DEFINITION OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

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1. Tourist Destination A place of interest where tourist visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and amusement.

Used to promote a certain place, through its aesthetic and ambiance.

2. Ethical Tourism Tourism which benefits people and the environment in different destination. It can offer a better income to families living in the area, by sourcing products and services locally.

A type of tourism used to lessen the harm and without compromising the needs of the future generation.

3. Waste Disposal Proper disposition of a discarded or discharged material in accordance with local environmental guidelines or laws.

Used in proper management of waste and its disposal regardless of its kind.

4. Wildlife Can be an eco-friendly and animal friendly tourism, usually showing animals in their natural habitat. Wildlife tourism, in its simplest sense, is watching wild animals in their natural habitat.

Used to rehabilitate animals and to expose them to their natural habitat to exercise their freedom and keep them away from people.

5. Natural Resources Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

Used to provide a certain need for the society, maybe in the form of food or stones that can be traded for a certain monetary value.

Appendix C

Part IWe the researchers have prepared a simple assessment comprising the profile and The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave in terms of Waste Disposal and Protection of Wildlife and Natural Resources.

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Name (Optional): _____________________Instruction:

Below are items on the profile of the respondents. Please put a check (✓) mark on the boxes provided after each item that is applicable to you.

Profile Assessment

Part IIInstruction: Below are Practices of tourists in terms of Waste Disposal and Protection of Wildlife and Natural Resources. Please check the column that corresponds to your answer by using the following codes:

Category Weight

1) Age in years (✓)a. Below 18b. 18-28

c. 29-45

d. 46-75e. 75 above

2) Gender

a. Male

b. Female

3) Educational Attainment

a. Post Graduate

b. Tertiary Level

c. Secondary Level

d. Primary Level

4) Occupation

a. Govt. Service

b. Private Service

c. Self Employed

d. Agricultural Labor

e. Daily Wage

f. Retired

g. Others/

5) Type of tourista. Foreign touristb. Local tourist/visitor

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Strongly Agree 4Agree 3Disagree 2Strongly Disagree 1

The Ethical Practices of Tourists in terms of Waste Disposal 4 3 2 1a. As a tourist I don’t keep my waste in separate bins for each type such as; Food and beverages,

rotting items, plastics, paper, glass, iron and items such as cans and toxic or hazardous waste.b. I always comply with the guidelines that waste shall be disposed to the designated area if there

is such an area in the destination, in the absence of a designated area waste shall be disposed in a manner that is least harmful to the environment.

c. I fail to practice that no tourist shall do any activity that would contaminate the water table of the surrounding waters in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan

d. I use any type of oil (e.g. used engine oil) or any other chemical which may damage the environment and may also drain to the ground.

e. I fail to correspond that tourists must ensure that unpleasant smells or other nuisance is not caused.

The Ethical Practices of Tourists in terms of Protection of Wildlife and Natural Resources 4 3 2 1a. I don’t correspond to the guidelines of Callao cave that protected birds or aquatic living species

shall not be caught or kept in cages or other enclosed space in Callao, Peñablanca granted for the development of tourism.

b. Even if it’s prohibited to carry out any activity that would harm the protected living species in Callao, Peñablanca, I still cross the line by harming or shifting their nests or habitat or eggs.

c. I don’t correspond to the guidelines that if buoys are placed in a protected area, those must be used for boat rides.

d. I correspond with the rules that places, items, building or structures of historical, cultural or natural and environmental significance in an island granted for tourism purpose shall be properly maintained and conserved in accordance with the instructions from relevant government authorities.

e. As a tourist, I agree that any harm should not be caused to the Callao Cave flora and fauna and no item shall be extracted or removed.