The Age of The Age of ExplorationExploration

On the Brink of a New WorldOn the Brink of a New World

The MotivesThe Motives

Economic MotivesEconomic Motives– Desire to find new areas for tradeDesire to find new areas for trade– Break existing monopoliesBreak existing monopolies

The Motives The Motives

Religious ZealReligious Zeal– Spain and Portugal Spain and Portugal

heavily defined by heavily defined by religion, want to spread religion, want to spread ChristianityChristianity

– ““With the divine power of With the divine power of the true God, they would the true God, they would work miracles”work miracles”

The Motives The Motives

Fantastic LandsFantastic Lands– The Travels of John MandevilleThe Travels of John Mandeville– Marco Polo’s Marco Polo’s TravelsTravels– The search for Prester JohnThe search for Prester John

The MeansThe Means

Maps Maps – Portolani = more useful than T in O Portolani = more useful than T in O

Map, fairly accurateMap, fairly accurate– The further from the known world, The further from the known world,

the more fantastic maps gotthe more fantastic maps got– Ptolemy grossly underestimated the Ptolemy grossly underestimated the

size of the Earthsize of the Earth

The MeansThe Means

Ships and SailingShips and Sailing– Importation of technology from Importation of technology from

China like the axial rudderChina like the axial rudder– Lateen SailLateen Sail– Astrolabe and SextantAstrolabe and Sextant

Prince Henry the Prince Henry the NavigatorNavigator

1419 founds 1419 founds school for school for Navigators in Navigators in PortugalPortugal

Funds Portuguese Funds Portuguese expeditions down expeditions down the African Coastthe African Coast

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire 1419: Prince Henry founds school 1419: Prince Henry founds school

of navigationof navigation 1441: reach thee Senegal River 1441: reach thee Senegal River

just north of Cape Verdejust north of Cape Verde 1471: discover gold in western 1471: discover gold in western

Africa (Gold Coast)Africa (Gold Coast) 1488: Bartholomew Dias rounds 1488: Bartholomew Dias rounds

Cape of Good Hope Cape of Good Hope

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire 1498: Vasco da Gama reaches 1498: Vasco da Gama reaches

Calicut and announces that he Calicut and announces that he has come to find Christians and has come to find Christians and spicesspices

1509: Portuguese armada defeats 1509: Portuguese armada defeats joint Turkish and Indian fleetjoint Turkish and Indian fleet

1510: establish land base in 1510: establish land base in BombayBombay

The Search for SpiceThe Search for Spice

1511: Albuquerque gains control 1511: Albuquerque gains control of Malacca, ending Arab of Malacca, ending Arab dominance of spice trade and dominance of spice trade and creating a good launching point creating a good launching point for expeditions to China and for expeditions to China and JapanJapan

The battle was short and bloody.The battle was short and bloody.

“ “To enhance the terror of his To enhance the terror of his name he always separated name he always separated Arabs from the other Arabs from the other inhabitants of the city, and inhabitants of the city, and cut off the right hand of every cut off the right hand of every man, and the noses and ears man, and the noses and ears of every woman.”of every woman.”

Voyages to the New Voyages to the New WorldWorld ColumbusColumbus

Voyages of the New Voyages of the New WorldWorld New VoyagesNew Voyages

– John Cabot explores the coast of New John Cabot explores the coast of New England for Henry VII of EnglandEngland for Henry VII of England

– South America accidentally discovered South America accidentally discovered by Pedro Cabral of Portugal in 1500by Pedro Cabral of Portugal in 1500

– Amerigo Vespucci wrote a series of Amerigo Vespucci wrote a series of letters on the geography of the new letters on the geography of the new world world Americas Americas

Food for Thought…Food for Thought…

What makes the New World a What makes the New World a new world?new world?

How does that show the bias of How does that show the bias of European explorers?European explorers?

Spain builds an EmpireSpain builds an Empire

Cortez’s conquest of the Aztec Cortez’s conquest of the Aztec and Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca and Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca lead to a large land based empire lead to a large land based empire in central and south Americain central and south America

By the late 1600s, only 5% of By the late 1600s, only 5% of Latin America’s native population Latin America’s native population was still alivewas still alive

Administering the Administering the Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire Queen Isabella declared natives Queen Isabella declared natives

to be subjects of Spainto be subjects of Spain Established Established encomienda encomienda system: system:

Conquering Spaniards gain the Conquering Spaniards gain the right to collect tribute and use right to collect tribute and use natives as slave laborersnatives as slave laborers

Administering the Administering the Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire

Bartolome de Bartolome de Las Casa Las Casa champions the champions the rights of rights of nativesnatives

Spanish gov’t Spanish gov’t abolishes abolishes encomiendaencomienda systemsystem

Yet into this sheepfold, into this land of meek outcasts there came some Spaniards who immediately behaved like ravening wild beasts, wolves, tigers, or lions that had been starved for many days. And Spaniards have behaved in no other way during the past forty years, down to the present time, for they are still acting like ravening beasts, killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and destroying the native peoples, doing all this with the strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty, never seen or heard of before, and to such a degree that this Island of Hispaniola once so populous (having a population that I estimated to be more than three million), has now a population of barely two hundred persons.

~Bartolomeo de Las Casas

Administering the Administering the Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire Spain developed the Viceroy Spain developed the Viceroy

system to oversee the large system to oversee the large empireempire

Viceroy’s were the king’s Viceroy’s were the king’s representatives in the new worldrepresentatives in the new world

AudienciasAudiencias were advisory groups were advisory groups that often acted as judicial bodiesthat often acted as judicial bodies

The Pope and the New The Pope and the New WorldWorld Papal Bull: Inter Caetera divides Papal Bull: Inter Caetera divides

the world in halfthe world in half Treaty of Tordesillas moves line of Treaty of Tordesillas moves line of

demarcation to give Portugal demarcation to give Portugal access to Brazilaccess to Brazil

Spain exercised extensive control Spain exercised extensive control over the new worldover the new world

The Pope and the New The Pope and the New WorldWorld Missionaries like the Dominicans Missionaries like the Dominicans

and Jesuits worked to Christianize and Jesuits worked to Christianize the native populationsthe native populations

Conquistadors were often under Conquistadors were often under strict orders to try to convert strict orders to try to convert before fightingbefore fighting

Mass conversion of Indians led to Mass conversion of Indians led to strong establishment of strong establishment of Catholicism in the New WorldCatholicism in the New World

New Rivals in the New Rivals in the World ArenaWorld Arena By the 1600s, northern European By the 1600s, northern European

nations like Britain, France, and nations like Britain, France, and the Netherlands were engaged in the Netherlands were engaged in overseas explorationoverseas exploration

Hope to remove Portuguese and Hope to remove Portuguese and Spanish naval and trade Spanish naval and trade dominancedominance

Hope to wind north east and Hope to wind north east and north west passages to the Indiesnorth west passages to the Indies

New Rivals in the New Rivals in the World ArenaWorld Arena Britain establishes colonies along Britain establishes colonies along

eastern seaboard of North Americaeastern seaboard of North America French establish trading posts along French establish trading posts along

the Mississippi and Great Lakesthe Mississippi and Great Lakes Dutch focus most colonial efforts on Dutch focus most colonial efforts on

AsiaAsia None of these countries is focused on None of these countries is focused on

creating a large land empire… yet.creating a large land empire… yet.

Britain and the Britain and the NetherlandsNetherlands Trade and Exploration controlled Trade and Exploration controlled

by privately operated joint-stock by privately operated joint-stock companiescompanies

How does the contract signed by How does the contract signed by Henry Hudson differ from earlier Henry Hudson differ from earlier contracts?contracts?

Effects of Exploration Effects of Exploration and Colonizationand Colonization The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade European dominance over Indian European dominance over Indian

Ocean tradeOcean trade British and French inroads into British and French inroads into

IndiaIndia

The West in Southeast The West in Southeast AsiaAsia Portugal establishes a large Portugal establishes a large

empire, but is to small to empire, but is to small to maintain itmaintain it

Combined Christian forces defeat Combined Christian forces defeat Ottoman Empire in Battle of Ottoman Empire in Battle of Lepanto, win dominance over Lepanto, win dominance over Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade

““My country, oh my country. Too My country, oh my country. Too heavy is the task that has been heavy is the task that has been laid on you shoulders. Day after laid on you shoulders. Day after day I watch ships leaving your day I watch ships leaving your shores filled always with the shores filled always with the bravest men. And too many do bravest men. And too many do not return… Who then is left to not return… Who then is left to till the fields, to harvest the till the fields, to harvest the grapes, to keep the enemy on our grapes, to keep the enemy on our frontier at bay?”frontier at bay?”

The West in Southeast The West in Southeast AsiaAsia Spain enters the region when Spain enters the region when

Magellan lands in the PhilippinesMagellan lands in the Philippines Becomes a major base for Becomes a major base for

Spanish trade in the regionSpanish trade in the region

The West in Southeast The West in Southeast AsiaAsia The Dutch establish a fort in Java The Dutch establish a fort in Java

in 1619in 1619 Dutch East India Co. begins Dutch East India Co. begins

building pepper plantations building pepper plantations By the late 1700s, the Dutch By the late 1700s, the Dutch

controlled most of Indonesiacontrolled most of Indonesia

The West in IndiaThe West in India

Mughal empire in a state of Mughal empire in a state of declinedecline

1601 Queen Elizabeth charters 1601 Queen Elizabeth charters the British East India Co.the British East India Co.

By 1650 British control major port By 1650 British control major port in Calcuttain Calcutta

The West in India The West in India

Dutch and French also try to Dutch and French also try to establish portsestablish ports

Sir Robert Clive wins victories Sir Robert Clive wins victories making Britain dominant power in making Britain dominant power in India India

ChinaChina

In 1433, The Ming Dynasty recalls In 1433, The Ming Dynasty recalls the Treasure Fleet of Zheng He the Treasure Fleet of Zheng He and turns inwardand turns inward

1514 Portuguese land on Chinese 1514 Portuguese land on Chinese coast, begin tradingcoast, begin trading

China controls favorable balance China controls favorable balance of trade exporting far more than of trade exporting far more than they importthey import

ChinaChina

China’s unwillingness to deal with China’s unwillingness to deal with western “barbarians” ultimately western “barbarians” ultimately winds up hurting them. By the winds up hurting them. By the 1919thth century, China will be unable century, China will be unable to compete militarily with the to compete militarily with the west.west.

JapanJapan

Tokogawa Shogunate at first is Tokogawa Shogunate at first is willing to trade with westernerswilling to trade with westerners

After a while they fear damage to After a while they fear damage to their culture and isolatetheir culture and isolate

After isolation, trade is limited to After isolation, trade is limited to Hirado and Nagasaki with the Hirado and Nagasaki with the DutchDutch

JapanJapan

The West IndiesThe West Indies

Britain holds Barbados, Jamaica, Britain holds Barbados, Jamaica, and Bermudaand Bermuda

France controls St. Dominique, France controls St. Dominique, Martinique, and GuadolupeMartinique, and Guadolupe

Establish plantations similar to Establish plantations similar to Portugal’s in Brazil focusing on Portugal’s in Brazil focusing on tobacco, cotton, coffee and sugar tobacco, cotton, coffee and sugar (all in very high demand in (all in very high demand in Europe)Europe)

What have you What have you learned?learned? How did the motives differ between How did the motives differ between

the Iberian kingdoms and the nation the Iberian kingdoms and the nation states of Northern Europe?states of Northern Europe?

What areas were explored by each What areas were explored by each nation state?nation state?

How did the Age of Discovery relate to How did the Age of Discovery relate to the questioning spirit of the the questioning spirit of the Renaissance?Renaissance?

What were the long term effects of What were the long term effects of Discovery?Discovery?