Phase II Findings - TanzaniaThalia Kidder June 15, 2011

(presenting for Evelyne Lazaro, Christopher Magomba, John Jeckoniah, Joseph Masimba) 1

TZ Smallholder Agriculture & Women

• Low productivity – low technology• External Interventions:

• Finance - Cooperative Unions, projects,• Minimal formal marketing

(4.7% male-headed households, 2.8% female-headed) • Women

• 56% crop production; 80% agr labour force• Women do majority of work; men dominate selling• Land: 12% ♀ owners in -♂ headed; 1.6 vs. 2.7 ha• Finance - ♀ source 42% from family; 15% unions; 11%SCA

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History & Context of Collective Action

• Traditional collective action – safety nets, social support

• Formal rural producer organisations – state-promoted, most SH hholds – Co-operative Unions

• New types of CA: donor-funded, government, NGO, and religious – donor conditions to promote women’s participation • E.g. District Agricultural Sector Investment Project

• 2004: 44 projects, 6,000 producer groups; 250k members.

• MVIWATA – the National Network of Farmers’ Groups in Tanzania – 1000 groups.

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Regions, districts and communities

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Chicken Mazwa, Bariadi 87 26Rice Mazwa, Kahama 42 16Chickpea Maswa, Shiny. rural 44 10Vegetable Lushoto, Korogwe 18 11Allanblackia Muheza, Mkinga 23 8Maize Handeni, Korogwe 21 8

Shinyanga and TangaRegions

Total groups; # studied

Analysis: Typology of CA

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Type of collective action Staple Export/ high value Non-tradhigh value Rice1 Maize2 Chickpe1 Allanblackia2 Local

chickenVegetable2

Total number of CA grp 16 10 7 12 26 10Characteristic of the organisation specialised groups 4 0 0 12 2 1Multi-purpose 12 10 7 0 24 9Gender composition of groupsMixed groups 15 9 7 12 25 9women-only groups 1 1 0 0 1 1Degree of formality of the collective actionFormal groups 15 6 7 12 22 4informal groups 1 4 0 0 4 6Degree of external supportExternal-support 15 9 7 12 22 9Self-driven 1 1 0 0 4 1

Gendered map: Allanblackia Sub-sector

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Collection of Allanblackia from forest ♀

Drying ♀

Transporting ♂♀

Collection of Allanblackia from forest

Primary production (e.g. nursery beds & planting ♂♀

Marketing initiatives, training

Drying ♂♀

Processing Allanblackia into oil for home consumption* ♀

Processing

consumers in export markets

Consumers in export markets

Consumers in Local markets

Map of Collective Action: Local Chicken

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Gendered Benefits of Collective Action – local chicken

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Function Production Processing Bulking and tradingGender analysis

Women access finance (SILC)

Group Decision-making ; ♂♀ SILC women active

influence!

Local chicken are sold live. No value addition

Competition among traders limits women trading

Bulking conflicts with household obligations

Collective action

32 mixed groups: accessing skills,

saving together

Collective vaccination,

also collective vegetable production!

No women traders organised in groups

Collection centres and market committees

Three women members trading in local chicken to Mwanza

Benefits of collective action

Improved production; voice, access to finance, assets

Reduced disease (Newcastle)

No value addition

Collection centres for women’s bargaining power, new bulking and trading roles

Constraints & Benefits of Collective Action: Vegetables

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Constraints Individual woman

Mixed group

Women-only group

Restrictions placed on women by husbands

High Low High

Women’s time poverty High Medium Medium

Transportation problems High Low HighLack of capital for producing in bulk

High Low High

Lack of information on prices and markets

Laziness among women

HighHigh

LowMedium

High

Low

Comparing benefits of CA across sectors

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technical advice

Training , Savings

inputs

Higher income from farm

Social support

Labour sharing

Building assets

Increased mobility

Rice 2 4 3 1 5 2 6

Local chicken2

4 6 1 5 3 2

Chickpea2

6 3 1 4 2 5

Allan-blackia3

4 1 5 6 2 3

Vegetables3

2 3 6 5 4 1

Maize3 1 2 3 6 4 5

Barriers to women engaging in CA

• Inadequate finance for shares or entry fee• Low level of literacy• Household responsibilities – ‘time poverty’• Restrictions imposed by husbands (e.g. mobility)

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Key findings

• Women benefit from collective action• Income benefits due to lower costs, risks;

• (but) CA not accessing higher prices, little valued added or marketing, despite potential

• Mixed groups help women overcome restrictions placed by husbands, transport etc.

• Training benefits spread to non-members• CA is multi-functional ; members participate

opportunistically in various groups.

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Recommendations for Phase III

• Research: • Quantify benefits and costs of CA for women• Relative benefits of different forms of CA

• Interventions:• Identify gaps in current interventions, how to fill?• How to promote WCA along the value chain?

• The proposed focus: in Tanga, vegetables, and in Shinyanga, local chicken.

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