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Strategies of Official and Non-official Subtitles
Zeinab Nasrollahi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All gratitude and praise is due to God, the Almighty, who bestowed upon me the willingness to learn. First of all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Tajvidi for his efforts to enhance the quality of this work. I also wish to extend thanks to Dr. Mollanazar for his reading of and commenting on the present work. My heartfelt thanks also go to Dr. Farahzad who kindly accepted to read and evaluate this research.
3
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
4
IntroductionStatement of the ProblemResearch QuestionsTheoretical Framework
5
1. What are the most-common strategies used in official subtitling?2. What are the most-common strategies used in non-official subtitling?
• DTS• Gottlieb’s Model
• MMT• Subtitling•Official Subtitles• Non-official Subtitles
CHAPTER TWOReview of the Literature
6
Gottlieb’s ModelStrategy Character of
TranslationApplies to Media-Specific
(1) Expansion Expanded expression, adequate rendering
Cultural specific references etc. No
(2) Paraphrase Altered expression, adequate rendering
Non-visualized language specific phenomena
No
(3) Transfer Full expression, adequate rendering
Neutral discourse slow tempo No
(4) Imitation Identical expression, equivalent rendering
Proper nouns, international gatherings etc.
No
(5) Transcription Anomalous expression, adequate rendering
Non-standard speech etc. Yes
(6) Dislocation Differing expression, justified content
Musical or visualized language specific phenomena
Yes
(7) Condensation
Condensed expression, concise rendering
Normal speech Yes
(8) Decimation Abridged expression, reduced content
Fast speech of some importance
Yes
(9) Deletion Omitted expression, no verbal content
Fast speech of less importance Yes
(10 Resignation Differing expression, distorted content
Untranslatable elements No7
CHAPTER THREEMethodology
8
IntroductionFramework of DTS , Comparative Model of ResearchNaturalistic, Empirical Research, both Qualitative and Quantitative
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The Corpus
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NameWord Count Duration
Total 20% Official Non-official
1 Spy Game 8968 2127 00:43:34-01:01:50
18:16 00:48:15-01:12:30
24:15
2 Lord of the Rings: the Two Towers
11022 2195 01:25:30-02:02:29
37:59 01: 25:52-02:06:01
41:09
3 Constantine 5520 1119 00:36:11-00:55:16
19:05 00:37:37-00:56:51
19:14
4 V for Vendetta 12317 2611 00:40:35-00:59:46
19:11 00:42:46 -01:04:24
22:38
5 Mission: Impossible III
5002 1055 00:24:29-00:33:54
09:25 00:30:06-00:39:55
09:49
6 Eragon 4380 903 00:34:01-00:49:48
15:47 00:35:42-00:52:22
17:20
7 I Am Legend 4136 820 00:32:11-00:57:46
25:35 00:33:57- 01:00:41
27:44
8 Eagle Eye 11134 2120 00:35:11-00:56:45
21:34 00:40:48- 01:02:10
22:22
9 Transformers: Revenge of the
Fallen
14293 2800 00:41:16-01:07:02
26:46 00:52:24-01:20:10
28:46
Total 76772 15750 - 193 - 213
Unit of Analysis
Words Two Sentences
11
Main Categories
RepetitioAdiectioDetractioTransmutatioSubstitutio
12
CHAPTER FOURData Collection, Research Findings
and Results
13
Spy Game
14Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
50
100
150
200
250
Lord of the Rings
15Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Constantine
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
16
V for Vendetta
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
50
100
150
200
250
300
17
M:I:III
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
18
Eragon
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
19
I am Legend
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
Eagle Eye
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
50
100
150
200
250
300
21
Transformers
Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
22
CHAPTER FIVEConclusion
23
Repetitio
24Transfer Imitation Transcription
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Detractio
Deletio
n
Conde
nsati
on
Decim
ation
Obliter
ation
Incom
pletio
n0
50
100
150
200
250
25
Transmutatio
Dislocation Conversion Deacronimization Justification0
50
100
150
200
250
26
Adiectio
Addition Expansion Bifurcation Duplication Completion0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
27
Substitutio
Paraphrase Resignation Modification0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
28
Frequency of Subtitling Main Categories
29Repetitio Adiectio Detractio Transmutatio Substitutio
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pedagogical Implication
Necessity of Academic Acknowledgement of SubtitlingData Point for Translation Trainees and Novice TranslatorsTeaching Translation StrategiesEvaluation and (Self-) AssessmentInvestigating Normative Translational Behavior
30
Suggestions for Further Research
Replicating This StudyDesigning a Teaching Method and SyllabusReduction Rates of DVD and TV SubtitlingReduction Rates for Different PeopleSDHThe Impact of Governmental Regularities and Rulings
31
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION