Chap 220 th Century Age of Conflict

(A) 1st world war

(C)League ofNation

(D) Dictatorship in Europe

(E)

UNO

20 th Century Age of Conflict

(B) Russian revolution

Q.1.WHY DID THE CONFLICT AMONG ENGLAND AND GERMANEY INCREASES

?

1.KAISER WILLIAM II, the emperor of Germany followed an aggressive policy of colonization.

2.To encounter England in eastern region, he obtained rights from the emperor of turkey to build the railway line from berlin to Baghdad up to the gulf of Iran. But due to the strong opposition from England ,France and Russia the berlin Baghdad rail route could not be completed .

3. However, he rebuilt and repaired kiel canal which helped German warship to enter north sea

4.Due to increase of colonization and naval development of Kaiser William 2, the conflict between England and Germany increased .

Q.2.WHY DID THE ARM RACE BEGIN IN

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

?

1.The belief that the militarily powerful nations could retain their supremacy in European politics led to the rise of militarism.

.

3.Large number of new destructive weapons warships, tanks came to be manufactured.

2.The Europeans nations started increasing their military strength to outwit each other in the race of expansion

4.Every European nation argued that this vast arms accumulation was only for the safety not for the wars

5. Yet, the storage of large amount of arms ammunitions made the situation in Europe explosive

Q.3 Explain the term

Aggressive Nationalism?

1.The term aggrassive nationalism stands for a feeling of superiority about ones own country as in comparison to other country.2.It also means loving ones own country and hating others.

3.Before ww1 many Europeans countries became imperialist to express the nationalism

4.Germaney,russia,austria,tried to capture additional territories to increase the glory of their

nation.

Q.4 Write about the foreign policy of bismarck

1.Bismarck implemented the compulsory military education. To keep the boundary of the Germany safe ,bismarck developed military strength by producing arms and ammunitions.

2.In 1866, after defeating austria, bismarck developed friendship with austria.

3.In 1871 ,Germany captured Alsace and Lorraine from France.

4. After this, Bismarck ensured that France should remain isolated, no powerful country should be friend of France.

5.This was in brief the foreign policy of bismarck i.e. diplomatic groupism.

DIPLOMATIC GROUPISM

Q.5.SITUTATION IN EUROPE

BECAME

EXPLOSIVE

1.Europeans nations started to pile arms and ammunitions as they thought war was the only one solution for their problems.

Large number of advanced weapons, warship and tanks were produced.

2. The European nations justified the arms race in the name of peace and security.

3.Every nation kept the information about their military power confidential.

4.Thus, an explosive situation was created in Europe.

Q.6.EUROPEANS COUNTRIES

TURNED TOWARDS CONTINENT OF ASIA

AND AFRICA

1. During the first half of 19th century, there was a increasing demand for colonization among the indusrial nation in Europe. The industrial nation were in need of external market for their industrial products.

2. The less developed countries of Asia and Africa provided an opportunities for market as 2. The less developed countries well as raw materials

3.The Europeans nations also believed that they were racially superior to the nations in Asia and Africa

Therefore , with a view to smooth marketing opportunity, the EUROPEANS turned towards ASIA and AFRICA

Q.7ON 6TH APRIL 1917,

AMERICA DECLEARED WAR AGAINST

GERMANY

1.EVEN THOUGH AMERICA WAS NOT DIRECTELY INVOLVED IN THE WAR AGAINST GERMANEY IT CONDEMNED GERMAN AGGRESSION AND ISSUED SEVERAL WARNINGS TO GERMANY

2.But Germany refused to pay heed to Americas warnings and continued using submarines indiscriminately.

THERE FORE, AT LAST AMERICA WAGED A WAR AGAINST GERMANEY ON 6TH APRIL 1917

Q.8.Why did Austria

announce the war against Serbia ?

1.Austria had been determined to

capture Balkan region.

2.For this reason there was conflict between Austria and Serbia over Bosnia and Herzegovina

3.Austria captured Bosnia and Herzegovina, this created great unrest and grievance over Balkan region

4) Royal representative of Austria, Prince Ferdinand was assassinated at Sarajevo, Bosnia capital by an extremist Serbian citizen.

5) In retaliation, Austria imposed unacceptable demands on Serbia which were to be fulfilled within 48 hours.

6) Russia supported Serbia and with her support, emboldened Serbia refused to accept the demands of Austria.

7) As a result Austria declared war on Serbia on 28TH July 1914.

Q.9.Explain the reasons of the

FIRST

WORLD

WAR

The first world war was the product of a series of complicated and far reaching events. The reasons for war were as follows :

1)The imperialism of western nations

3) Militarism :

2) Aggressive

Nationalism

4) Diplomatic groupism

5) Germany’s increasing

strength

6) Divison of Europe into two rival groups

7) Balkan Crisis

8) Murder of Archduke

Ferdinand

During 19TH century, the industrial nations of Europe started a search for market in Asia and underdeveloped African continent. This provided market as well as raw material to the European nations

1) THE IMPERIALISM OF WESTERN NATIONS

As the European nations came to know about the financial importance of these regions, it started a race for colonization and economic imperialism. This resulted First World War

2. Aggressive Nationalism :The term aggressive nationalism stands for a feeling of superiority about ones own country as in comparison to other country. It also means loving ones own country and hating others.Due to Aggressive Nationalism Europeans became expansionist which led to First World War

MilitarismThe belief that only military power can ensure important place in world politics led to a race to increase military power among European nations. This made the situation in Europe explosive.

4. Diplomatic groupism

Bismarck ensured that France should remain isolated and no powerful country should be friend of France.This was the foreign policy of bismarck diplomatic groupism, which led to First World War.

(5) Germany’s increasing strength KAISER WILLIAM II, the

emperor of Germany followed an aggressive policy of colonization.Germany wanted to build railway line from Berlin to Baghdad but England, France and Russia opposed it.Keil canal was repaired which helped German warship to enter North Sea.Due to these developments it led to First World War.

(6) Division of Europe into two rival groups Germany’s expansionist

policy brought England and France together for getting about their traditional rivalry . Japan was also included in the group . Later on Russia’s inclusion in the group created the rival group . Later on Russia’s inclusion in the group created the rival group of Nations comprising of England France and Russia as against Triple Alliance – Germany , Austria and Italy .

Balkan Crisis The strategic importance of Balkan region and the imperialist desire of the rival nations like Austria and Russia created Balkan crisis. Following annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria, an atmosphere of unrest prevailed over Balkan regions.

8.Murder of Archduke Ferdinand

Assassination of Austria’s crown prince Archduke Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist at Sarajevo provided the immediate cause that sparked off the first world war

3. Write the effect of the First World War

The first world war which continued for four and half years and disastrous consequences

1) The war brought about tremendous destruction of life and property.

2)Millions of soldiers were killed and cross were injured while innumerable civilians lost their lives

3) The gobal economy went on a decline while traders and commerce came to a stand still This resulted in a complete economic breakdown

4) The economic loss due to the use of destructive weapons was enormous as a huge amount of civilian property came to be destroyed .

5)The collapse of European industries further deteriorated the economy .

6)Except USA and Japan , all other states weather victorious or defeated became bankrupt . As a result USA emerged as the new super power of the world

7) The map of Europe , Asia and Africa came to be reorganized as the territories and empire of defeated nations were divided into new countries via . Poland , Finland , Romania , Czechoslovakia ,

8)The monarchial rule in Russia , Germany and Austria came to an end .

9)The family system , traditional values and ethics were restructured after the war.

10) League of Nations was established as the peace keeping body according to the 14 Point Programme of Woodrow Wilson

11) The unjust terms of the treaties which were imposed on the defeated nations motivated the feeling of revenge and retaliation which ultimately sowed the seeds of second world war

World war

2