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UNIT 4.- SPAIN IN THE 19th CENTURY. BUILDING A LIBERAL REGIME
Spain in the 19th century. Building a liberal regime. War and liberal revolution (1808-1814). Between liberalism and absolutism. Spanish American colonies
independence (1808-1826) The liberal revolution (1833-1843) The reign of Isabella II: the moderate
liberalism (1843-1868) Six years of democracy (1868-1874) The restoration of the monarchy (1874-
1898)
WAR AND LIBERAL REVOLUTION.
THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME IN
SPAIN
La familia de Carlos IV - Goya
1. RESULTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN SPAIN The just new king Carlos IV (1788-
1808) and his minister Floridablanca tried to prevent any revolutionary "contagion" from France. So they establish:
A tough control at customs, in the borders.
A strict censorship.
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In 1792, Charles IV took a very important decision in his reign, he appointed Manuel Godoy as his main Minister (valido). This favorite of the kings became the key figure for the rest of Charles IV’s reign.
Louis XVI’s execution in January 1793 caused the breakdown of the traditional alliance with France (Family Pacts).
Spain joined an international coalition and participated in the so-called War of the Convention.
The Spanish military defeat was fast and clear.
Peace of Basel was signed, our country accepted the loss of the island of Santo Domingo (in La Española), and the return to the traditional alliance with France against England.
Godoy presenta “La Paz” a Carlos IV. José Aparicio. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
It began a period of Spanish dependency on
French foreign policy, and, consequently, of
confrontation with England.
Consequences: Small victory over Portugal in the War of the Oranges.
Naval disaster of the Franco-Spanish fleet (naval army)
against the British Admiral Nelson at Trafalgar in 1805
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Batalla de Trafalgar, 1805 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAuSXpD-EvEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muxsFSRQgbg
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Godoy signed with Napoleón the Treaty of Fontainebleau
in 1807. By this agreement Spain authorized the entry
and establishment of French troops in Spain with the
purpose of invading Portugal. Portugal was going to be
divided and Godoy would be the king of the South of
Portugal.
But , in fact, this agreement had a secret objective for the
French, they wanted to invade Portugal but also Spain.
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At that point the figure of Godoy was increasingly criticized, due to: Trafalgar’s defeat. Economic crisis. Godoy belonged to the
lower nobility and was accused of being a lover of the queen.
The clergy didn’t like him, because they were frightened by a timid proposal confiscation of church property.
An opposition group led by the Prince of Asturias (future Ferdinand VII) was formed La conspiración de El Escorial.
Their objective was to finish with Godoy’s rule and also with Carlos IV’s reign.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
The entry (with permission) of Napoleon's troops had become an occupation of our country Godoy planned the royal family’s escape to Andalusia (and then América) the Court moved to Aranjuez.
On March 19, 1808, in Aranjuez, a popular uprising began. Organised by Fernando VII’s supporters The Mutiny of Aranjuez.
People attacked Godoy’s palace and they only stopped when Charles IV abdicated in his son, Fernando VII.
In the confrontation between father and son, Carlos IV and Fernando VII, and with the troops of General Murat in Madrid. Son and father wrote to Napoleón asking for help.
Napoleon called father and son to Bayonne in France and forced them to abdicate. In the abdication of Bayonne, the Bourbons ceded their rights to the throne to Napoleón. Napoleón gave the throne of Spain to his brother José Bonaparte.
Abdications of Bayonne
Abdications of Bayonne
JOSÉ I BONAPARTE
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During José Bonaparte’s reign, he is known by the nickname Pepe Botella, referring to an alleged alcoholism (apparently false).
The people from Madrid will also nicknamed El rey
plazuelas, since it opened many places in the capital. The most important was the Plaza de Oriente, opposite the Royal Palace.
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Joseph I approved the Estatuto de Bayona in July 1808, a granted charter (Constitution not approved by elected representatives, but conceded by a governor) which granted lots of rights, it was a parliamentary monarchy.
The Estatuto de Bayona was an attempt to win the support of the Spanish Enlightenment, called afrancesados.
The fact that it was imposed by the invaders
Their liberal and illustrated measures.
Popular hostility and without the support of the Spanish people, even many of the enlightened themselves.
ESTATUTO DE BAYONA
Legislative power.- Royal initiative, which proposes and approves laws, after hearing the Cortes (estates).
Executive Power.- the King and his ministers.
Judicial Power.- it is independent, but the King appoints the judges.
The State would be Catholic.
Rights were added:
Suppression of internal customs.
Inviolability of the home.
Personal freedom.
Detainee and prisoner rights.
Abolition of the torture.
Julia Bonaparte y sus hijas (Zenaida y Carlota), por Jean-Baptiste Joseph Wicar en 1809.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Bonaparte’s rule and the evidence of a French invasion, led to a popular revolt in Madrid on
2nd May 1808. This popular uprising in Madrid finished with a strong French troops repression.
A series of anti-French uprisings throughout Spain followed, marking the beginning of the War of Independence - Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814).
El 2 de mayo de Goya.
El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid de Francisco de Goya
La defensa del parque de Monteleón durante el Levantamiento del 2 de mayo en Madrid. Joaquín Sorolla
Los fusilamientos del 3 de mayo de Goya
Los fusilamientos del 3 de mayoFrancisco de Goya
JUNTAS To organise the fight against the French invasors,
the Juntas Provinciales are established. They assume the souvereignity in name of the absent king (Fernando VII).
In September 1808, the Juntas Provinciales gained coordination and it was set the Junta Central Suprema.
Despite many members from these Juntas were conservative and supporters of the Ancien Régime, they had to take revolutionary measures, such as to convene the Cortes - la convocatoria de Cortes.
WAR DEVELOPMENT
After the general uprising against French Army, the Spanish Army got an unexpected victory in the Battle of Bailén in July 1808.
Napoleón, himself, with more than 250.000 men, came in autumn to the Iberian Peninsule, to solve the situation. He occupied most of the country, except for Cádiz and some peripheric and mountain areas.
Cuadro de la Batalla de Bailén.
La Rendición de Bailén.José Casado del Alisal
Spanish people began to resist using the guerrilla warfare against the French Army. These guerrillas spread throughout Spain.
The guerrilla was formed by peasants, priests, old soldiers… Groups of men that attacked the French Army, to avoid them to get supplies of communications. That made the French to be very disappointed as they were all the time disturbing.
Juan Martín Díez, el Empecinado, retratado por Francisco de Goya
Espoz y Mina El cura Merino
SITIOS
Some cities refused to surrender and long sieges (SITIOS) took place in Zaragoza and Girona.
After a long time, French could conquer the cities but they thought the conquest of Spain was going to be a walk and Spanish people offered a strong resistance in cities, without means.
Sitio de Zaragoza
Foto de Agustina de Aragón y sitio de Zaragoza. Palafox.
Agustina de Aragón
General Palafox de Goya
Sitio de Gerona
The British Army came to the Iberian Peninsula, from Portugal to help the Spanish to get rid of French Army. They call this war the Peninsular War.
Arthur Wellesley, Duque de Wellington Pintado por Francisco de Goya
1812 was a decisive year. Napoleón remove part of his men in
Spain and sent them to Russia. Then British Army, commanded by
the Duke of Wellington, entered Spain and they defeated the French Army in several battles (Arapiles, San Marcial). The guerrilleros also helped in those victories.
After the defeat of the Grande Armée in russia,
Napoleón weakened, gave the Crown of Spain back to
Fernando VII in the Treaty of Valençay (diciembre 1813).
In 1814 the French troops left the country.
The War of Independence had finished.
Tratado de Valençay
CORTES DE CÁDIZ
The abdications of Bayonne had left the occupied Spain with a lack of authority.
To fill that authority void and organise the spontaneous uprisings against the French, the Juntas Provinciales were organized, and they assumed sovereignty.
In September 1808, the Junta Central Suprema assumed all the powers, in absence of the legitimate king (Fernando VII) . They established themselves as the maximum government organism.
Mapa de Cádiz en época de la Guerra.
The Junta Central convened a meeting of extraordinary Cortes in Cádiz.
That is the beginning of a revolutionary process in parallel to the war.
Finally, in January 1810, the Junta ceded its power to a Regency, but they didn’t stop the Convene of (Convocatoria de) Cortes.
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Las Cortes de Cádiz
Juramento de los diputados de las Cortes de Cádiz
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The meeting of Cortes in a war situation, benefied that in those
Cortes there were lots of cult burghers, coming from the coast
and commercial cities (even from the American colonies).
The sessions began in September 1810 and there were soon two
groups of deputies:
Liberals: supporting revolutionary reforms, inspired in the
French Revolution principles and ideas.
Absolutists or “serviles”: supporters of maintaining the Ancien
Régime (absolute monarchy, unequal and stratified society –
estates of the realm, mercantilist and agrarian economy).
LAS CORTES DE CÁDIZ
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LAS CORTES DE CÁDIZ The liberal majority, taking profit of the king’s absence,
began a bourgois liberal revolution in Spain, with two objectives: To make reforms to end with the Ancien Régime structures. To approve a Constitution.
Political reforms of the Cortes de Cádiz: Freedom of press (1810). Abolition of the feudal system: suppression of the señoríos
jurisdiccionales (manor houses). Nevertheless, the nobility maintained the property of almost all their lands.
Banning of the Inquisition (1813). Abolition of the guilds. Freedom in trade and industry
(1813). Shy desamortización of some Church goods (lands).
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THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812 Approved on 19th March 1812. Known as “La Pepa”, this
legal document was the first Constitution in Spain. The liberal deputies Agustín Argüelles, Diego Muñoz Torrero and
Pérez de Castro are the most outstanding people in its preparation.
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The Constitution of 1812 National sovereignty. The power is in the nation, not in the king. Division of Powers:
Legislative power: Unicameral Cortes. Judicial power: Tribunals Executive power: the king + Ministers, with limitations: ▪ He cannot dissolve the Cortes. ▪ He had a transitive veto during 2 years, after that the decision of the Cortes became law. ▪ He could name his ministers, but they had to be approved by the Cortes (“doble
confianza”).
Male universal suffrage. All man older than 25 years old could vote, indirectely, they chose some representatives (compromisarios ) that could choose their deputies.
Equality of all citizens.
Individual rights: education, freedom of press, inviolability of home, freedom, association and property.
The Catholicism would be the only allowed religion. They had to count with the clergy support
to fight against French, this explains that only intolerant feature in such an advance Constitution.
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La Constitución de 1812
FERDINAND VII’S REIGN.
BETWEEN LIBERALISM AND
ABSOLUTISM
After the Treaty of Valençay in 1813, Ferdinand VII was prepared to return to a country with a new political system, complety contraries to his absolutist feelings.
Ferdinand VII retuned to Spain in March 1814, he was received with continuous popular acclamations.
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Fernando VII: between absolutism and liberalism.
In April 1814, a group of absolutist deputies gave Fernando VII a document known as Manifiesto de los Persas in which they asked him the return to the absolutism.
En el afirmaban: “Señor, era costumbre entre los antiguos persas pasar cinco días de anarquía después del fallecimiento de su rey, a fin de que la experiencia de los asesinatos, robos y otras desgracias, les obligase a ser más fieles a su sucesor..., para mejor apreciar después los rigores de un gobierno firme y de poder.”
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Fernando VII, on 4th May 1814 approve a decree in Valencia, he dissolved the Cortes, abolished the Constitution and all the legislative laws made by the Cortes de Cádiz.
He returned to the absolutism and the Ancien Régime.
FERDINAND VII’S REIGN PHASES
Sexenio absolutista (1814-1820).
Trienio liberal (1820-1823).
Década ominosa (1823-1833).
SEXENIO ABSOLUTISTA – SIX YEARS OF ABSOLUTISM (1814-1820)
It began in May 1814 with the return to the Ancien Régime and the absolutism.
It was a very important period in the history of Europe. Ferdinand VII was uninterested in the European matters. Spain, in spite of being one of the countries that had fight
from the very beginning against Naopleón, didn’t gain any of the benefits of the Congress of Viena.
Our country finished destroyed with the War of Indenpendence and it had a secondary role in Europe.
Liberals (i.e. Espronceda) and Afrancesados (i.e. Goya) were persecuted and forced to exile.
Groups of liberals organised pronunciamientos (Espoz y Mina in 1814, Porlier in 1815 and Torrijos in 1817), demanding that the Constitution be reinstated.
Ferdinand VII harshly repressed these revolts.
Francisco de GoyaDe Vicente LópezGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos- Goya
AFRANCESADOS
Francisco de Goya por Vicente López
Espoz y Mina saliendo al exilio
Foto de Espronceda y Goya. Foto de algún pronunciamiento.
THE LIBERAL TRIENNIUM (1820-1823) In 1820, a
pronunciamiento led by Colonel Riego in Cabezas de San Juan (sevilla) succeeded.
This was the beginning of the so-called Liberal Triennium (1820-1823).
They reinstated the Constitution of 1812.
Rafael delRiego
They reinstated the Constitution of 1812 and allow exiled liberals to return and to hold elections.
Liberal representatives reintroduced the Cádiz laws and created the National Militia, an army of volunteers who defended liberalism.
Ferdinand VII appealed to the Holy Alliance to return to the Absolutism Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis.
DIX YEARS OF ABSOLUTISM. LA DÉCADA OMINOSA (1823-1833) Ferdinand VII approved a decree to
cancel all the legislation during the Triennium.
The king returned again to the absolutism and the Ancien Régime.
Inmediately, a repression against liberals began. Riego was hung in November 1823 in Madrid.
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In spite of repression, the liberal pronunciamientos continued.
One of the few positive factors during this ominous decade was the reform of the Hacienda began by the minister López Ballesteros. The reform got a certain budget balance, maybe because of having less military expenses after the independence of the colonies.
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Fusilamiento de Torrijos.Fusilamiento de Torrijos, tras su pronunciamiento
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Fernando VII. La década ominosa (1823-1833).
Exilio de Espoz y Mina en 1833.
Imagen de Mariana Pineda
Ferdinand VII had only daughters.
According to the Ley Sálica (approved by Felipe V), only men could reign.
In order to ensure his daughter Isabella’s reign after his death, he issued the Pragmática Sanción, with repealed Salic Law.
Upon Ferdinand VII’s death in 1833, a civil war broke out, the Carlist War.
SPANISH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE (1808-
1826)
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FACTORS Several factors explain the beginning of the independent movements:
The increasing unhappiness of the criollos, descendants of Spanish born in América, who despite their weathness and culture didn’t have access to the most important political positions in the colonies, reserved for peninsular men.
The limitations of the freedom of trade in the colonies. These limitations prejudiced the criolla bourgeoisie.
The influence of the Illustration ideas and the example of the independence of the United States of América.
The political crisis produced by the Napoleonic invasion. The American citizens didn’t want to recognise José I’s rule.
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PHASESTwo important phases: 1808-1814
The American territories declared independent from the Napoleonic Spain, but they maintained their links with the authorities of Cádiz, even sending representatives to the Cortes.
When Ferdinand VII returned to the throne, all the colonies, except for Argentina and Paraguay, returned to join to the Spanish Crown.
1814-1824
The return to the absolutism made that the criollos began to make pronunciamientos and nationalist and independent movements. These movements were helped by England and the United States.
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MAIN PERSONAGES AND EVENTS
Between the liberal military leaders who led resistence
movements in the colonies were José de San Martín
(Argentina-Chile), Antonio José de Sucre (Venezuela,
Colombia , Ecuador) and Simón Bolívar (Venezuela,
Colombia , Ecuador).
They organised an army to lead the territories to
independence.
The Wars of Independence continued and they finished
with the Spanish defeat in Ayacucho in 1824.
Cuba, Filipinas and Puerto Rico continued under the
Spanish government.
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In 1821 Venezuela gained independence after Bolivar’s victory in Carabobo (1821).
So did México, where Agustín de Iturbide named himself as an emperor (1822).
In 1822, Ecuador joined to the Great Colombia in the battle of Pichincha.
The separation process finished with the independence of Perú and Bolivia after the battle of Ayacucho (1824) .
