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Sound
Overview
•The Facts of Sound•Sound Vocabulary•The Ear and Sound
•Musical Instruments and other uses of Sound
•Other types of waves
The Facts
Sound …1.… is a form of energy produced &
transmitted by vibrating matter
2.… travels in longitudinal waves
3.…travels faster through solids than liquids or gases
Sound waves travel faster through solids because there are more particles close together to transfer the energy.
Sound waves and
Speed of Sound• Medium (Matter) Speed
m/sec gas air (0
o C) 331
air (20o C) 343
water (25o C)
1493
liquid sea water 1533 iron 5130
copper 3560 solid glass 5640 diamond 12000
Vibration
- Very fast, repeated backward and forward movement of particles of matter
- For example, the vibration of the tuning fork creates pure sound.
- The hammer hits the nail and the particles vibrate making noise.
Watch the 3 red dots
You will see them vibrate, but not move with the wave to the end.
All the particles are vibrating but stay fixed
Waves transport energy without moving matter
Sound Waves
- Alternating areas of high and low pressure in the air (compressions and rarefactions)
Sound Waves
- ALL sound is carried through matter as sound waves. In a vacuum there are no particles so sound cannot travel.
- Alternating areas of high and low pressure in the air (compressions and rarefactions)
Sound Waves
- Because sound waves need particles to be transmitted they are mechanical waves
- ALL sound is carried through matter as sound waves. In a vacuum there are no particles so sound cannot travel.
- Alternating areas of high and low pressure in the air (compressions and rarefactions)
Sound Waves
- Sound waves move out in ALL directions from a vibrating object.
- Because sound waves need particles to be transmitted they are mechanical waves
- ALL sound is carried through matter as sound waves. In a vacuum there are no particles so sound cannot travel.
- Alternating areas of high and low pressure in the air (compressions and rarefactions)
Compression
Where particles are pressed
together as the sound wave
moves through matter.
Compression- Where particles are pressed together as
the sound waves move through matter- For example,
- a wave travels through the springs just like sound waves travel through the air
- the places where the springs are close together are like compressions in the air.
compression
• Compressions - The close together part of the wave.• Rarefactions - The spread-out parts of a wave.
Compression Wave = Longitudinal Wave
Longitudinal Wave (Compression Wave)
Each wave particle vibrates back and forth in the same direction of the wave.
Sound waves covered till now:
• States of matter (solid, liquid, gas)• Speed of sound through matter• No sound in a vacuum• Vibration• Compression + Rarefaction• Longitudinal waves
•Remember that ….
Frequency= waves/time
If you watch the 3 red dots you will see them vibrate, but not move with the wave to the end.
Waves transfer energy without moving matter.
Wavelength & Frequency
- Wavelength is the distance between one part of a wave and the same part of the next wave
- Frequency is the number of waves passing a point in a certain tme
- Many waves = high frequency- Few waves = low frequency
Pitch = Frequency
• How high or low a sound is
• Pitch depends on the frequency of a sound wave
• For example,
- Low pitch
- Low frequency
- Longer wavelength
- High pitch
- High frequency
- Shorter wavelength
Frequency is measured in Hertz
• For example:
If 20 waves are made per second, then the frequency is 20 cycles per second =
20 Hertz
• Hz
20 Hz – 20,000 Hz
The human ear can only hear sounds between
20Hz and 20,000 Hz (Frequency/Pitch)
Below 20 Hz is called infrasound
Above 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound
Ultrasound
sound waves with frequencies above the normal human range of hearing. Sounds in the range from 20,000-100,000Hz
Infrasound sounds waves with frequencies below the normal human range of hearing.Sounds in the 0.001 - 20Hz range
The Ear• Sounds reach our ears through
vibrating air particles• Our ears capture sound waves and turn
them into signals that go to our brains• Sound waves move through 3 parts of
the ear; outer ear, middle ear, + inner ear
The Human Ear
Amplitude
is the maximum distance
the particles in a wave
vibrate from their rest positions.
Amplitude = loudness
• The intensity of a sound decreases as you move away from a sound. The sound is softer.
• As the source of a sound comes closer the sound becomes louder, more intense
• A loud sound has a high amplitude
• A soft sound has low amplitude
soft
loud
Amplitude = loudness
•The volume or loudness of sound is measured in decibels
dB
Loudness of Sound in Decibels
Sound Loudness (dbs) Hearing Damage
Average Home 40-50
Loud Music 90-100 After long exposure
Rock Concert 115-120 Progressive
Jet Engine 120-170 Pain
Sound and Instruments- Different musical instruments create
different sound vibrations
- Wind instruments by blowing and vibrating the air e.g. flute, saxophone, organ
- String instruments by touching and vibrating the strings e.g. guitar, violin, piano
- Percussion instruments by hitting a surface e.g. drums, cymbals, triangle
Sound and Instruments- Instruments can be played at different
pitches (musical notes) by changing the lengths of different parts.
- For example,
- Another way to make different pitches is to change the thickness of the material that vibrates.
A trombone’s mute absorbs some of the
sound waves produced, so a different sound is made.
Sonar
- Sonar uses reflected sound waves (echoes) to find objects in water or air
Animals use sonar or echo location to find their prey (food); these sounds have such a high pitch or frequency that the human ear cannot hear them
Humans use sonar to locate or
find objects
Ultrasound (above 20,000 Hz)
Ultrasound waves are used in medicine They are also reflected sound waves
Other types of waves
• Remember sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical
•Other waves are transverse, electromagnetic and water waves
Transverse waveswave particles vibrate
in an up-and-down motion.
Transverse waves
• Crests - Highest part of a wave• Troughs - The low points of the
wave
Electromagnetic waves• Electromagnetic waves travel as
transverse waves
• Electromagnetic waves CAN travel through a vacuum
• Light, microwaves, x-rays, and TV and radio transmissions are all examples of electromagnetic waves
Water Waves
• The blue surface particles move in a clock-wise direction
Wave concepts covered in this power point:
Sound Waves• States of matter (solid, liquid,
gas)
• Speed of sound through matter• No sound in a vacuum• Vibration• Compression + Rarefaction• Longitudinal waves• Wavelength• Frequency = Pitch• Hertz Hz• 20 – 20,000 Hz • Ear (outer, middle, inner ear)
• Amplitude = Loudness = Volume
• Decibels dB• Sonar• Ultrasound, infrasound
Other waves
• Transverse waves• Crests• Troughs• Electromagnetic
waves• Water waves
That’s all folks!