Smart Power Grid Monitoring SystemCase Study

Talk byIsma Hadji

Imane Hafnaoui

University of M’Hamed Bouguara - IGEE

Outlines

• Introduction• Smart grids• Phasor Measurment Units (PMUs)• Monitoring• Power system stability monitoring• Out-of-step stability• Conclusion

Introduction

• Traditionally, electrical grids mainly consisted of power stations, transmission lines and transformers.

• Nowadays, grids are growing bigger and they are becoming smart grids, implementing virtually all the processing and management needed by a power system from monitoring, through control to protection.

• One of the most important elements of modern energy management systems is monitoring of the state of the power system from real-time measurements.

• This is today done using PMUs and WAMS

Smart Grids

• A Smart Grid is an electric network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

• Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) provide real-time measurement of positive sequence voltages and currents at power system substations in real time.

• Electrical Quantities recorded by PMUs– Bus voltages– Three-phase line currents for every critical line.– Frequency– Megawatts and Mega-vars

Phasor Measurement Units

Disturbance Recording

– PMUs are placed at key locations on the system

– Depending on the type of trigger, a PMU will record when a power system fault is observed at its location.

– The captured phasors are time tagged based on the time of the UTC Time Reference.

Phasor Measurement Units

Phasor Measurement Units

Applications– Power system real-time monitoring– Advanced network protection– Advanced control schemes

Monitoring

• Energy monitoring is primarily a management technique that gathers energy information that will be used as a basis to eliminate losses, reduce and control current levels of energy use and improve the existing operating procedures. It builds on the principle “you can’t manage what you don’t measure”.

• In today’s large scale systems there are plenty phenomena that need to be detected and monitored to keep them working at their best.

• Monitoring represents the first line of protection for any power system.

The Imperatives of Monitoring• Power assurance• Visibility into power conditions• Energy efficiency• Energy cost allocations• Proactive planning

Monitoring

Monitored Phenomena

Islanding DetectionIslanding refers to the condition in which a

distributed generator (DG) continues to power a location even though electrical grid power from the electric utility is no longer present. Example: a solar panel in a blackout scenario.Detection: At the substation, voltage and angle are measured and time stamped before being sent to the receiver at the DER-plant. It can there easily be determined if the DER-plant is synchronized with the grid or not.

Line Thermal MonitoringLoose connections or deterioration of contact surfaces result in

local temperature rise which may result in possible forced outages. It is wise to say that temperature monitoring is necessary.

This type of monitoring plays as a congestion manager as it improves power flow control.

Detection•The voltage and current phasors measured at both ends of a

line are collected using PMUs•Actual impedance and shunt admittance of a line are computed.•Resistance of the line/cable is extracted.•Based on the known properties of the conductor material, the

actual average temperature of the line is determined.

Monitored Phenomena

• Power systems are subjected to a wide range of small or larger disturbances during operating conditions.

• The power system must adjust to these changing conditions and continue to operate satisfactorily and within the desired bounds of voltage and frequency.

• For this reason monitoring power system stability is of paramount importance in any power system.

Power System Stability Monitoring

Power System Stability Monitoring

Voltage stability monitoring• The problem of voltage stability may be simply

explained as inability of the power system to provide the reactive power needed by the system.

• In general, the analysis of voltage stability problem of a given power system should cover the examination of these aspects:– How close is the system to voltage instability or collapse?– When does the voltage instability occur?– Where are the vulnerable spots of the system?– What are the key contributing factors?– What areas are involved?

Power System Stability Monitoring

Angle stability monitoring• When the system is operating under

unforeseen conditions or under unusually high stress, the system can experience angle instability. In that case, the system breaks up into many islands, resulting in large loss of loads and generations and a potential blackout scenario.

Power System Stability Monitoring

Power System Stability Monitoring

Power oscillation monitoringPower oscillation monitoring is concerned with the detection of

power swings in a high voltage power system.Low-frequency oscillations occur when an individual or group

of generators swing against other generators operating synchronously on the same system, caused by controls attempting to maintain an exact frequency.

• Synchrophasor data are critical to detect potential and actual oscillations; which require the high-speed PMUs.

– Examining bus voltages and frequencies will allow observation of inter-area oscillations.

– The energy of power oscillations indicates whether oscillations are growing or dissipating.

Out-of-Step Stability

Out-of-Step Analysis

Power Transmission Capability of the Normal

System with Different Types of Faults

Power-Angle Curve

Out-of-Step StabilityEqual Area Criterion• After a fault, the power output is

reduced to PF, the generator rotor therefore starts to accelerate, and δ starts to increase. At the time that the fault is cleared (δC), there is decelerating torque acting on the rotor. Because of the inertia of the rotor system, the angle continues to increase to δF when Area-2 = Area-1.

If δF is smaller than δL, then the system is transiently stable. With sufficient damping, the angle difference eventually goes back to the original balance point δ0 .

Out-of-Step Stability

Equal Area Criterion if Area-2 is smaller than Area-1

at the time the angle reaches δL, then further increase in angle δ will result in an electric power output that is smaller than the mechanical power input. Therefore, the rotor will accelerate again and δ will increase beyond recovery. This is a transiently unstable scenario.

To watch out for these cases and be able to take the right measures, real-time measurements and computations of the two areas is necessary. This is now easily achieved thanks to PMUs.

Conclusion• The concept of modern smart power grids was

introduced. Power monitoring and management deliver confidence that power systems are doing what they should, that personnel will be immediately notified of alert conditions in time to resolve, not just react, and the confidence of being able to predict and prevent problems before they occur.

• Placement of PMUs in power systems to easily support wide area recording with synchronized data, and that for enhancement of power system stability such as rotor angle stability, power system oscillations, and voltage stability in an integrated power system network.

THANK YOU