#WEEK 3

Semantic Relationsamong Words

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Semantic Fields we see that words can be classified into sets

according to their meaning. In a semantic field, not all lexical items necessarily have the same status.

words of a semantic field can have different types of relationships to one another and to other words in the lexicon, and we’ll classify these relationships.

2. hammer, cloud, tractor, eyeglasses, leaf, justice

1. cup, mug, wine glass, tumbler, plastic cup, goblet

Hyponymy

A hyponym is a subordinate, specific term whose referent is included in the referent of a superordinate term.

In a semantic field, hyponymy may exist at more than one level. A word may have both a hyponym and a superordinate term

Part/Whole Relationship

A second important hierarchical relationship between words is the one found in pairs such as hand and arm or room and house. In each pair, the referent of the first term is part of the referent of the second term. We call it a part/whole relationship. Part/whole relationships are not a property of pairs of words only

Part/Whole Relationship

Synonymy

Two words are said to be synonymous if they mean the same thing. When we assert that two terms are synonymous, we usually base that judgment on linguistic meaning only. Though they can differ in social and affective meaning.

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Antonym

The word antonymy derives from the Greek root anti- (‘opposite’) and denotes opposition in meaning. Antonyms are words or phrases that are opposites with respect to some component of their meaning. Antonymy is a binary relationship between terms with complementary meanings.

Gradable

hot and coldlove and hate

always and never

Non gradable

male and female married and single

alive and dead

Converseness

Converseness characterizes a reciprocalsemantic relationship between pairs of words.

If A is the husband of B, then B is the wife of A. Thus wife is the converse of husband,and vice versa.

Other examples of converse pairs include terms denoting many other kinship relations, such as grandchild and grandparent or child and parent; terms describing professional relationships, such as employer and employee or doctor and patient; and terms denoting relative positions in space or time, such as above and below, north of andsouth of, or before and after.

Polysemy

A word is polysemous (or polysemic) when it has two or more related meanings. The word plain, for example, can have several related meanings, including:

1. ‘easy, clear’ ( plain English)2. ‘undecorated’ ( plain white shirt)3. ‘not good-looking’ ( plain Jane)

Homonymy

Words are homonymic when they have the same written or spoken form but different senses.

A narrower definition of homonym limits theterm to word sets that are both homographicand homophonous, as with river bank andsavings bank.

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