Semantic Materials

Sixth semester

compiled by: Novi Dyah

(113-14-037)

Semantics Definitions

It is study about meaning in the phrase, clause, sentence, even in the context.

There are conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative meaning, and connotative meaning.

Three types of sentence’s meaning:

Semantic features.

Semantics roles.

Lexical relation

23/02/2017

Sentence, Utterance, and Proposition

Sentence : a group of words that are put together to mean something. The basic unit of language, expresses a complete thought, following grammatical rules of syntax.

Simple – Compound - Complex

Utterance : A natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.

Any sound of talk, that human produce. Usually written by quotation mark.

Proposition : express a declarative sentence either it’s true or not.

Utterance (Spoken), Proposition (Judgment or Opinion)

Examples

Sentence

She is clever. Ani and Andi are diligent students. She is smart, but lazy.

Proposition

Sinta ate banana. Was Sinta eaten the banana?

Utterance

“Get out from this office, now!”

Compare each others

Utterance not always a sentence, it could be phrase, fragment, exclamation word.

A sentence could be utterance.

Proposition can also be said utterance.

Sentence can be said utterance, but not necessarily vice versa.

Example:

Anita Loves Ryan. Must Ryan loves Anita?

02/03/2017Reference, Sense, and Referring Sentence

Reference: relation between the linguistics elements, word, sentence, and other with non linguistics word of experience.

Sense of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word.

A referring expression used in an utterance to refer something or someone.

it could be: Proper name, Personal pronoun.

Reference of the word is the object designated by the word.

Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between the linguistics elements themselves.

Examples

John jokes with Lina. Referents: John and Lina.

John has an idea. Referents: John and idea.

“Agus hits me!”

The speaker has a particular person in the mind: Agus.

It is not referring expression: There is no Agus’s name in this place.

I have an account in the bank.

She walks in the bank of the Nil’s river.

Compare

Referents could be abstract or things.

Reference: sudah disepakati dunia.

Example: moon is the orbit of earth.

Kata yang sama, bisa memiliki banyak sense.

Semua ungkapan pasti memiliki maksud namun belum tentu memiliki

09/03/ 2017

Predicate and Universe of Discourse

Predicate : a sequence of words can function as the predicator of a sentence. (noun, verb, adjective, and preposition. Only has one sense.

A predicate cold be part of referring. Ex: The thick dictionary was borrowed. Thick: predicate borrowed: predicator. Predicators : simple declarative sentence which does not belong to any of

referring expression and which of the remainder. (makes the most specific contribution t o the meaning of the sentence)

Universe of discourse could be real or fiction.

16/03/2017

Deixis and Definiteness

Deixis : pointing something via language. Deictic could be physical-social context, addressee, or

referent.

Definiteness : selected by a speaker to convey his assumption that there will be able to identify the speaker’s mean.

23/03/2017

Sense Properties and Stereotypes

Sense, a statement or sentence with their own meaning.

T here are three types of sense:

A. Analytic, sentence that necessary true. Reflects agreement between speaker and listener.

B. Synthetic, it could be true, sometimes it could be false.

C. Contradiction, is opposite of analytic. The sentence is necessarily false.

Examples:

Cat is carnivore.

Jonas comes from Srilanka.

Fish can fly with wings.

Before talking about stereotype, we need to think about prototype.Stereotype is some characteristics from prototype. A prototype of elephant is some actual of elephant, whereas stereotype is some characters describe of elephant.

Example: Prototype (Cat); it is animal, Stereotype: It is mammals with four legs. It has nice and soft fur. It likes fish.

Stereotype

1. Synonymy: two words have the same meaning. Very big=Large.

2. Hyponymy: the meaning of a word is included in that of another

3. Antonym: the opposite meaning of words. Small vs Big.

Sense relations

06/ 04/ 2017

OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING13/ 04/ 2017

ANTONYM IS OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING OR WE CAN SAY IT IS A CONTRADICTION.

CONTRADICTORY IS A PROPOSITION THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE BE TRUE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCE AND SAME TIME.

AMBIGOUS IS A WORD THAT HAS MORE ONE SENSE IN A SENTENCE.

EXAMPLES

ANTONYM:

CLEAN VS DIRTY .

CONTRADICTORY

THIS ROOM IS CLEAN IS CONTRADICTORY WITH THIS ROOM IS DIRTY

AMBIGUITY

AYLA GO TO SUMATRA AND SHE SEES CYLA OR SHE CALLS ON DAVID

27/04/2017

LOGIC

Contradiction

Mary meets Sinta. Sinta doesn’t meet Mary.

Analytic

If Milla is there, she is there.

Logical Notation:

Milly proposed Ajun and Ajun married to Milly.

(m PROPOSE a) & (a MARRY m)

04/05/2017

notations for simple proposition

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.

-> (j CAPITAL i)

Daniel Radcliff is an actor

dr =ACTOR

dr ACTOR

18/05/2017

connective conjunction and (&) disjunction or (v)

Tania went to school

(t GO)

Silla and Andi swept the floor and

(s SWEEP) & (a SWEEP)

p&q = q&p

p&q = p ; p&q = q

V comes from vel means or

Hani is here -> h HERE

Charlie is a teacher -> c TEACHER

Becomes:

(h HERE) V (c TEACHER)

Rules: if any statement has false a statement the impact for proposition and be false.

Rules: if any statement has true a statement the impact for disjunction or be true.

Derivation and Participant Roles

Process of derivation divides in three parts: morphological, syntactic, and semantics process.

Morphological Process is the adding of prefix or suffix in the pre existing words.

Syntactic Process is changing the part of speech.

(e.g.: from verb to noun).

Semantics process is producing a new sense of the words.

EXAMPLE

Morphological Process:

Uninteresting, Magnify, Clearly.

Syntactic Process:

Wider.

Semantic Process:

Sleeper, keeper.

Speech Act(a functional unit on communication)

25/ May/ 2017

Performative utterance vs Constantive utterance

Performative utterance describes the act that is perform. Example: I promise to come on your party tomorrow.

Constantive utterance makes an assertion, often the utterance of declarative sentence. Example: I am trying to open this window by the key.

Example of performative: warn, admit, inform.

Locutionary act

vs

Illocutionary act

vs

Perlucotionary act

Sentence type:

declarative, interrogative, imperative

Typical linguistic act performed by uttering asentence of this type:

asserting

asking

ordering

Meaning

ILLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a conventional system of social interaction.

PERLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others.