Chapter 7

Altered States of Consciousness

Section 1

Sleep and Dreams

What is Sleep

bull Is a state of unconsciousness with periods of dreaming

bull Altered state of consciousness characterized by patterns of brain activity and inactivity

bull is vital to mental health

Studying Sleep

bull Has been very difficult until recently

bull A researcher can not have a sleeping person report without waking them thus making the study invalid

bull EEG or electroencephalography is a device that records the electric activity of the brain

Consciousness

bull Is a state of awareness

bull Can range from alertness to nonalertness

bull A person who is not aware of what is going on is in an altered state of consciousness

Why do we Sleep

bull Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the environment

bull It is restorative ldquorecharges our batteriesrdquo

bull Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion

bull Sleep conserves energy

bull Clears our mind of useless information

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Section 1

Sleep and Dreams

What is Sleep

bull Is a state of unconsciousness with periods of dreaming

bull Altered state of consciousness characterized by patterns of brain activity and inactivity

bull is vital to mental health

Studying Sleep

bull Has been very difficult until recently

bull A researcher can not have a sleeping person report without waking them thus making the study invalid

bull EEG or electroencephalography is a device that records the electric activity of the brain

Consciousness

bull Is a state of awareness

bull Can range from alertness to nonalertness

bull A person who is not aware of what is going on is in an altered state of consciousness

Why do we Sleep

bull Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the environment

bull It is restorative ldquorecharges our batteriesrdquo

bull Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion

bull Sleep conserves energy

bull Clears our mind of useless information

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

What is Sleep

bull Is a state of unconsciousness with periods of dreaming

bull Altered state of consciousness characterized by patterns of brain activity and inactivity

bull is vital to mental health

Studying Sleep

bull Has been very difficult until recently

bull A researcher can not have a sleeping person report without waking them thus making the study invalid

bull EEG or electroencephalography is a device that records the electric activity of the brain

Consciousness

bull Is a state of awareness

bull Can range from alertness to nonalertness

bull A person who is not aware of what is going on is in an altered state of consciousness

Why do we Sleep

bull Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the environment

bull It is restorative ldquorecharges our batteriesrdquo

bull Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion

bull Sleep conserves energy

bull Clears our mind of useless information

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Studying Sleep

bull Has been very difficult until recently

bull A researcher can not have a sleeping person report without waking them thus making the study invalid

bull EEG or electroencephalography is a device that records the electric activity of the brain

Consciousness

bull Is a state of awareness

bull Can range from alertness to nonalertness

bull A person who is not aware of what is going on is in an altered state of consciousness

Why do we Sleep

bull Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the environment

bull It is restorative ldquorecharges our batteriesrdquo

bull Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion

bull Sleep conserves energy

bull Clears our mind of useless information

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Consciousness

bull Is a state of awareness

bull Can range from alertness to nonalertness

bull A person who is not aware of what is going on is in an altered state of consciousness

Why do we Sleep

bull Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the environment

bull It is restorative ldquorecharges our batteriesrdquo

bull Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion

bull Sleep conserves energy

bull Clears our mind of useless information

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Why do we Sleep

bull Characterized by lack of mobility or unresponsiveness to the environment

bull It is restorative ldquorecharges our batteriesrdquo

bull Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion

bull Sleep conserves energy

bull Clears our mind of useless information

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage Indash Pulse slows and muscles relaxndash Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

grow irregularndash Lasts for up to 10 minutesndash EEG brain waves is marked by the presence

of theta waves (lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha waves)

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIndash Brain waves shift from low-amp high

frequency to high-amp low frequency waves (this pattern means you have entered this stage)

ndash Eyes roll slowly from side to sidendash Usually lasts about 30 minutes

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IIIndash Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves

begin to sweep your brain almost every second

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Stages of Sleep

bull Stage IVndash Deepest sleep of allndash Very difficult to awaken sleeperndash Large regular delta waves occur 50 of the

time when you are in this stage of sleep

bull If you are awaken during this stage you often feel disorientedndash Deep sleep is important to your physical or

psychological well-being

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

REM Sleep

bull Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements a high level of brain activity a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming

bull Pulse rate and breathing become irregularbull Called active sleepbull Dreams take place during this stagebull Lasts for 15-45 minutesbull At no point in your sleep does the brain become

totally inactive

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

How much sleep

bull Your will spend 13 of your life sleeping

bull Varies from individual to individual

bull Circadian rhythm- is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulated physiological responses within a time period of 24-25 hours

bull Without any environmental cues people have still kept their circadian cycle

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

How Much Sleep

bull Circadian rhythms do not control our sleep patterns (two things do)ndash The environmentndash 24-hour day

bull Jet lag- usually takes about a day for each hour of time change to ldquoresetrdquo your circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next dayndash Some people with this disorder rarely get

more than and hour or two of uninterrupted sleep

ndash Anxiety depression overuse of alcohol or drugs can cause insomnia

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Is a disorder in which a person has trouble

breathing while sleepingndash Specific kind of snoring that may occur

hundreds of times per nightbull each episode lasts 10-15 seconds and ends

suddenly usually with a physical movement of the body

bull The sleeping person is actually choking when a passage of the lungs is blocked

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep Apneandash Affects more than 12 million Americansndash Must feel listless sleepy or irritablendash Usually caused by a physical problem instead

of mental stress

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Narcolepsyndash Is a condition characterized by suddenly

falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

ndash May have sleep attacks during the dayndash Victims usually have a problem with work

leisure and interpersonal activitiesndash Prone to accidents

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Nightmaresndash Unpleasant dreams that occur during REM sleep

bull Night terrorsndash Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep

involving screaming panic or confusionndash Last from 5-25 minutes ndash Involves rapid heart rate screaming sweating and

confusionndash Usually have no memory of them

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleepwalking- is walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepndash Most children who have the disorder will

outgrow itndash Usually harmless unless the victim falls or

hurts themselvesndash Has been linked to stress fatigue and the use

of sedative drugs by adults

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Sleep Disorders

bull Sleep talkingndash Is a common sleep disruptionndash Can occur in REM and NREM sleepndash The sleep talker sometimes pauses as if he or

she was having a conversationndash You can engage in a conversation with a

sleep talker

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Dreams

bull Mental activity that takes place during sleep

bull 8 in 10 dreams involved negative emotionsndash 10487071048707 1 in 10 male dreams are sexual

ndash 1 in 30 female dreams are sexual

bull Incorporate everyday events

bull Do not occur in a split second they correspond to a realistic time scale

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Why do we dream

bull Freudndash Royal road to the unconsciousndash Wish fulfillmentndash Manifest content

bull Story line

ndash Latent content

bull 10487071048707 Underlying meaning of a dream

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Why do we dream

bull Information Processing

ndash Consolidate experiences

bull Activation-synthesis Theoryndash Interpret random brain activity

bull Physiological Functionndash Provide sleeping brain periodic stimulation

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Dream Interpretation

bull Freud believed that dreams might contain clues to thoughts a dreamer might be afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours

bull Believe dreams might have hidden meaning

bull Many social scientists believe dreaming serves no function other than to stimulate the brain while sleeping

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Daydreams

bull Requires low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or idle but directed thinking while we are awake

bull Reminds us or prepares us for events in the future

bull Can improve our creativity by generating thought processes

bull Allows us to control our emotions

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Section 2

Hypnosis Biofeedback and Meditation

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

What is Hypnosis

bull Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought

bull A hypnotist guides and directs the person into thinking about things he or she is usually unaware of

bull Hypnosis shifts our perceptions

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Hypnosis

bull Does not put people to sleep

bull The person is highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli

bull Psychologists stress that a relationship between hypnotist and participant should involve cooperation not domination

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Theodore Barber (1965)ndash States that hypnosis is not a specific state of

consciousness but a result of suggestibility

bull Ernest Hilgardndash Believes there is something special about the

hypnotic statendash Neodissociation theory- the consciousness includes

many different aspects that may become separated or dissociated during hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Theories of Hypnosis

bull Sarbin amp Coe (1972 amp 1979)ndash Hypnotized people behave as they do

because they have accepted the role as a hypnotized subject

ndash Reveals people have potential abilities they do not use

ndash Continued study may show where these abilities come from and how to use them better

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Uses of Hypnosis

bull Entertainment

bull Medical

bull Therapeuticndash Posthypnotic suggestion- suggested things for

their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over

ndash Hypnotic analgesia- a reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Biofeedback

bull Is a technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback

bull ldquoFeedback makes learning possiblerdquobull Uses machines to tell people about very

subtle moment-to-moment changes in the body

bull From this people can learn to change their physiological processes

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Meditation

bull A person focusing on his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation or inner peace

bull 3 approaches of meditationndash Transcendental meditationndash Mindfulness meditationndash Breath meditation

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Meditation

bull Transcendental meditation- involves mental repetition of a mantra usually Sanskrit phrasendash Lasts for 15 to 20 minutes

bull Mindfulness mediation- was developed from a Buddhist traditionndash Focuses on the present moment

bull Breath meditation- is a concentration on onersquos respiration

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Meditation

bull Been found to help lower blood pressure heart rate and respiration rate

bull Those who succeed with meditation continue to do it

bull Bias and self-selected samples provide the research

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Section 3

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Psychoactive Drugs

bull A type of drug that interacts with the central nervous system to alter a personrsquos mood perception and behavior

bull Common drugsndash Caffeine depressants alcohol marijuana

LSD

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

How Drugs Work

bull Drugs are carried by the blood and taken to target tissues in parts of the body

bull Drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook to dendrites of neurons and send out their own chemical messages

bull Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells to slowdown and usually leads to passing out

bull LSD molecules cause nerve cells to fire resulting in hallucinations

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Marijuana

bull Is dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested

bull Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient in marijuana

bull Disrupts memory formation (making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks

bull Long-term use can lead to dependence

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Hallucinations

bull Perceptions that have no direct external causemdashseeing hearing smelling tasting or feeling things that do not exist

bull Occur during or whenndash Hypnosisndash Mediationndash Certain drugsndash Withdraw from a drugndash Psychological breakdownndash Normal conditions

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Hallucinogens

bull Drugs that often produce hallucinations

bull Also called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality

bull LSD- a potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Hallucinogens

bull LSD Tripsndash Can last from 6 to 14 hoursndash The user may encounter distortions in familiar

objectsndash A single stimulus may become the focus of

attention for hoursndash Impairs thinking even though users feel they

are thinking more logically and clearly than before

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Opiates

bull Usually referred to as narcoticsndash Opiumndash Morphinendash Heroin

bull Produce analgesia or pain reduction

bull Regular use leads to addiction

bull Overdose leads to loss of control of breathing

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Alcohol

bull Most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the United States

bull Is a depressant that serves to inhibit brain function

bull The affect of alcohol depends on the frequency of drinking and the drinkerrsquos body weight

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Drug abuse and treatment

bull Drug abuse can lead to injury damage to body ultimately death

bull Treatment for drug abuse usually follows these steps

bull 1) the abuser must admit he or she has a problem

bull 2) the abuser must enter a treatment program or get therapy

bull 3) the drug abuser must remain drug free

Source

bull Kasschau Richard A Understanding Psychology McGraw-Hill Glencoe New York New York 2008

• Chapter 7
• Section 1
• What is Sleep
• Studying Sleep
• Consciousness
• Why do we Sleep
• Stages of Sleep
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• REM Sleep
• How much sleep
• How Much Sleep
• Sleep Disorders
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Dreams
• Why do we dream
• Slide 23
• Dream Interpretation
• Daydreams
• Section 2
• What is Hypnosis
• Hypnosis
• Theories of Hypnosis
• Slide 30
• Uses of Hypnosis
• Biofeedback
• Meditation
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Section 3
• Psychoactive Drugs
• How Drugs Work
• Marijuana
• Hallucinations
• Hallucinogens
• Slide 42
• Opiates
• Alcohol
• Drug abuse and treatment
• Source