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Protein Synthesis
By Blake Bizousky
Cytoplasm
-Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
-Ribosomes
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
Nucleus
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
Nucleus
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
-Ribosomes
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
RNA Polymerase DNA
Molecule
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
RNA Polymerase
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
RNA Polymerase
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
RNA Polymerase
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
mRNA StrandNuclear Pore
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
DNA Molecule
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
Nuclear Pore
DNA Molecule
Nucleus
-Ribosomes
~~~~~~~~~T A C T T A G C G T A G A T T~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~A T G A A T C G C A T C T A A~~~~~~~~~~
Nuclear Pore
DNA Molecule
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Small unit
Large unit
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC CU
Ribosome
Small unit
Large unit
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC CU
U A C
Ribosome
Small unit
Large unit
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC CU
U A C
Ribosome
Small unit
Large unit
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AU
U A
tRNA Molecule
Amino acid
C
Anticodon
UU A
Ribosome
Small unit
Large unit
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AU
U A
tRNA Molecule
Amino acid
C
Anticodon
UU A
Ribosome
Small unit
Large unit
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AU
U A
tRNA Molecule
Amino acid
C
Anticodon
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AAU
U A C UU A
Peptide bond
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AAU
U A CUU A
Peptide bond
GG C
CodonStart Condon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AAU
UU A
Peptide bond
GG C
Codon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AAU
UU A
Peptide bond
GG C
Codon
A GU AA
U A
GC C A U C U AAU
GG C
U A G
Codon
A GU AA GC C A U C U AAU
GG C U A G
Codon
AA GC C A U C U AAU
GG C U A G
Stop Codon
GG C
Codon
AA GC C A U C U AAU
U A G
Stop Codon
A G
Codon
G C A U C U AA
Stop Codon
C U AA
Stop Codon
Amino acid in tertiary structure
Protein synthesis begins with transcription inside the nucleus. During transcription RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter region and copies the coding region. RNA polymerase makes a single stranded mRNA copy of the DNA. RNA polymerase then stops copying at the terminating sequence and the mRNA strand makes it way out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Now in the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds with a ribosome. The ribosomes start reading the mRNA strand at the start codon. The ribosome brings in the correct anti-codon on a tRNA molecule which carries the certain amino acids which the codon coded for. The ribosome then brings in the rest of the tRNA. Between the tRNA molecules the amino acids form a peptide bond between each other. The tRNA then falls off, leaving the amino acid with the one which it bonded with. When the ribosomes has made it through all the codons it will reach the end codon. The end codon tells the ribosome to stop bringing in tRNA molecules. The polypeptide left behind now folds up into it’s tertiary form as a protein and goes on to do its function in the cell.