Presentation

Transport TissuesAbove Ground

Janae BellAnd

Parth ModiDr. Vatnick

Lab 2

ALGAE

• TWO TYPES OF ALGAE - RED ALGAE - GREEN ALGAE

*Colonized single cells *Water assisted greatly in transport of nutrients and

everything else needed to sustain life

Function of STEM TRANSPORTACROSS BIODIVERSITY OF PLANTS

• Bryophytes - mosses - liverworts - hornworts - short plants 1 – 2 cm in length!!!! - WHY?? Bryophytes are nonvascular plants comprised of: - a foot - a seta - and a sporangium“Bryophytes lack vascular tissues so Bryophytes must absorb all water and nutrients at

the surface and pass them from cell to cell. A few have modified water transport cells, call hydroids , and a few have solute conducting cells, called leptoids , but this is rare. Depending on cell to cell diffusion for transport places size restriction on Bryophytes.”(The Bryophytes)


• Seedless Vascular plants - Ferns (origins of vascular plants) complex tissues• xylem: conducts water and minerals through tracheids.• Phloem: distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products


• Gymnosperms & Angiosperms - evolutionary expertise at its best

1. Roots 2. Leaves conduct photosynthesis but is attached to stem a. microphylls b. macrophylls 3. Sporophylls 4. Flowers and FruitsAll of the above would not be able to be productive in transporting

essential needs without first being fed water and minerals through the plant shoot.

“Xylem sap flows from the roots to the leaves which will eventually transpire.”

- Transpiration – Cohesion- Tension Mechanism - Stomata

Parth Modi and Janae Bell Parth Modi and Janae Bell

EvolutionaryEvolutionaryTrend in Stem transportTrend in Stem transport

Algae and BryophytesAlgae and Bryophytes Lacked “true”Lacked “true”ROOTS, ROOTS,

STEMS & LEAVESSTEMS & LEAVES Completely nonvascularCompletely nonvascular Main evolutionary Main evolutionary

milestone was moving milestone was moving from water to land – from water to land – becoming terrestrialbecoming terrestrial

RhizomesRhizomes

Vascular PlantVascular Plant Ferns came closest to Ferns came closest to

beginning rootsbeginning roots Xylem and phloem Xylem and phloem

became crucial to plant became crucial to plant development and survivaldevelopment and survival

Algae and BryophyteAlgae and Bryophyte

The algae and bryophytes did not have root and The algae and bryophytes did not have root and other vascular tissues. Instead algae had other vascular tissues. Instead algae had holdfast, which kept the algae in place. holdfast, which kept the algae in place.

The algae depended on the holdfasts and The algae depended on the holdfasts and buoyancy of the water to anchor them to the buoyancy of the water to anchor them to the bottom of the oceanbottom of the ocean

The bryophytes were the charophytes most The bryophytes were the charophytes most similar to algae that also had root like structures similar to algae that also had root like structures called rhizoids.called rhizoids.

Ferns and alliesFerns and allies(Seedless vascular plants)(Seedless vascular plants)

Ferns and its allies were the first plants to Ferns and its allies were the first plants to actually have vascular tissues. actually have vascular tissues.

Roots of ferns called rhizomes.Roots of ferns called rhizomes. Roots could nourish multiple fern plants at Roots could nourish multiple fern plants at

once.once.

““True” Roots in Gymnosperms and True” Roots in Gymnosperms and AngiospermsAngiosperms

Xylem and Phloem transferred from roots Xylem and Phloem transferred from roots through the rest of the plantthrough the rest of the plant

These vascular tissues were essential to These vascular tissues were essential to the nourishment of plants then and still are the nourishment of plants then and still are in today’s angiosperms.in today’s angiosperms.

The first function of roots are to absorb The first function of roots are to absorb water and dissolve minerals for the plant.water and dissolve minerals for the plant.

Second function is that roots store food.Second function is that roots store food.The last function is to anchor the plant to a The last function is to anchor the plant to a

substrate. substrate.

The primary root is the first kind of root.The primary root is the first kind of root.Adventitious roots are the second kind of Adventitious roots are the second kind of

root that is found in plants.root that is found in plants.

The common type of root is the primary The common type of root is the primary root and it consists taproots that grow root and it consists taproots that grow vertically downwards.vertically downwards.

The taproot forms a center from which The taproot forms a center from which other roots grow laterally which can called other roots grow laterally which can called secondary roots.secondary roots.

Secondary roots produce their own Secondary roots produce their own smaller lateral roots.smaller lateral roots.

Adventitious Roots are roots that arise Adventitious Roots are roots that arise from the stem or leaves.from the stem or leaves.

Adventitious Roots differ from the primary Adventitious Roots differ from the primary roots because they live longer than roots because they live longer than primary roots.primary roots.

The tips of roots consists of meristems, The tips of roots consists of meristems, and root caps. and root caps.

Meristem is a region of rapid mitosis, and Meristem is a region of rapid mitosis, and produces new cells for the growth of the produces new cells for the growth of the root.root.

Root cap is a sheath of cell that covers Root cap is a sheath of cell that covers and protects the meristem.and protects the meristem.

Epidermis are single layer cells that is at Epidermis are single layer cells that is at the surface of the root.the surface of the root.

Cortex is a band of parenchyma that Cortex is a band of parenchyma that develops under the epidermis and stores develops under the epidermis and stores food.food.

Cambium are in older parts of the roots, Cambium are in older parts of the roots, and it performs mitosis to produce new and it performs mitosis to produce new secondary xylem and ploem. secondary xylem and ploem.

The main part of the endodermis is the The main part of the endodermis is the stele, and it has three parts the pericycle, stele, and it has three parts the pericycle, xylem, and phloem.xylem, and phloem.

The pericycle is the outer boundary of the The pericycle is the outer boundary of the stele.stele.

Xylem is arranged in bundles and Xylem is arranged in bundles and transports nutrients to different parts of the transports nutrients to different parts of the plant.plant.

Phloem alternates with xylem. Phloem alternates with xylem.

Water enters the root through root hairs. Water enters the root through root hairs. Root hairs have sickly walls and adhere Root hairs have sickly walls and adhere tightly to soil with their film of moisture.tightly to soil with their film of moisture.

Once the water is in the roots, water Once the water is in the roots, water passes through the cortex, and mainly passes through the cortex, and mainly pass through cells until the water reaches pass through cells until the water reaches the stele.the stele.

When the water reaches the stele it can When the water reaches the stele it can move freely through the cells.move freely through the cells.

Mineral enter the roots separately from the Mineral enter the roots separately from the water. water.

The minerals enter against their The minerals enter against their concentration which helps transport concentration which helps transport minerals up the root.minerals up the root.

http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0060.jpghttp://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0060.jpg

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Kyle Rivers. 2010. Types of Roots. Kyle Rivers. 2010. Types of Roots. http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/gehttp://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/typesofroots/neralbotany/typesofroots/. 1/24/11 . 1/24/11

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