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welcome

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Precision water and nutrient management for preventing nitrate

pollution from paddy field

Seminar on

Chethan, H.PALB 4162Sr. M.Sc (Agri)Dept. of AgronomyUAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-65

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Introduction.Mechanism of nitrogen losses.Nitrate pollution.Effect of nitrate pollution.Precision water and nutrient management.Conclusion.Future line of work.

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Introduction

Area (lakh hectares) Production (million tones) Yield (kg/hectare)427.53 105.24 2,462

Annual Report 2013-14, Dept.of Agri.&Co.,MOA,GOI

Rice is one of the most staple food crop of India in term of both area and production. India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice in the world.

• Irrigated Rice• Rainfed Lowland• Upland Rice• Flood prone

Different Rice Eco SystemIn India

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Fertilizer consumption

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A.P.

PunjabT.N

.

HaryanaBihar

Karnataka

U.P.

Gujrat

W.B

Maharastr

aIN

DIA

Uttarkhand

J&kKerala

Chhattisgarh

M.P.

Assam

Orissa H.P.

Rajasth

an0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2009-102010-11

Chemical Fertilizer Consumption in States (kg/ha): 2009-10 and 2010-11

Source: www.indiastat.com

Fig: 1

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Recommended fertilizer

Do you know what farmers are using….?They want good Green crop & Yield BUT…

Bhadra command area 100:50:50 Kg NPK/ha Cauvery command area 125:62.5:62.5 Kg NPK/ha

ENVIRONMENT ?7/11/2015

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•Plant uptake

• Denitrification

• Volatilization

• Immobilization

• Leaching losses

• Run off losses

N cycle Nitrogen mobility in

soil

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Adverse effect of

Leaching losses & Run off losses of nitrogen

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greenpeaceindia.org

Fig: 2

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Nitrate interfere with oxygen carrying capacity of blood causing cyanosis in infants (Methemoglobinaemia)Nitrate reduce to nitrite in human & cattle's body by intestinal Bactria, causes cancer and other diseases.Normally healthy person has 0.8% of Methoglobin is present, when it has 20% causes headache and giddiness, more than 60% leads to unconsciousness finally death occur at 80% methoglobin contentRecently WHO reported that nitrate level in Rajasthan is 800mg/litre . Which is much higher than the permissible limit of 45mg/litre.Nitrate poisoning in grazing animals have been reported in Nagpur.

Avoid use of excess

fertilizers…..

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Eutrophication

7/11/2015

13Hungabee Lake (left), in the Canada. In contrast, Lake Taihu (right) in China.

Eutrophication

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Reasons for nitrate pollution

• Excess application of nitrogen fertilizers

• Indiscriminate use of irrigation water• Lack of knowledge about

Method of application of fertilizer & waterTime of application

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Then, how to prevent nitrate pollution…?

Precision management

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Precision Agriculture

• The term Precision Farming means the application of technologies and principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production

(Pierce and Nowak, 1999)

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How simple we understand precision agriculture

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Objectives of Precision Farming

• Increased Production• More Efficient Input Usage• Energy Conservation• Soil and Ground Water Protection

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Misconceptions about precision agriculture

• Precision farming can not be done without the aids of RS, GPS and GIS

• Precision farming is only for crop management

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Precision water & nutrient management

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Precision water & nutrient management methods

• Method of establishment• Source of application• Time of application • Quantity of application• Method of application• LCC• SPAD• STCR• SSNM• Remote sensing

Variable rate technologies

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Method of establishment

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Table 2: Total leaching loss of nitrogen (kg/ha) as influenced by establishment techniques in rice.

TreatmentsTotal leaching loss of nitrogen

Kharif Summer Pooled

Establishment techniques

M1: Transplanting 5.13 6.29 5.71

M2: SRI 4.87 5.98 5.42

M3: Aerobic 3.29 4.03 3.66S.Em± 0.01 0.02 0.02

C.D. at 5% 0.05 0.09 0.05

ARS, Kathalagere Jayadeva and Prabhakara Setty (2006)7/11/2015

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Treatment Grain yield (t/ha)

No. of irrigation

Irrigation water use (mm)

Rain fall during crop growth (mm)

Total water saving (%)

Conventional transplanting

5.23 21 1,150 470.8 _

SRI 5.13 21 730 470.8 25.91

Aerobic rice 4.81 21 525 470.8 38.56

SEm± 0.07 _ _ _ _

LSD (p = 0.05 0.29 _ _ _ _

Soumya et al. (2012)New Delhi

Table 3: Effect of planting methods on water use and its saving

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Source of application

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TreatmentsTotal leaching loss of nitrogen

Kharif Summer Pooled

S1: Urea 4.49 5.50 5.00

S2: Ammonium sulphate 4.39 5.37 4.88

S3: Complex fertilizer (17:17:17) and top dressing with urea

4.53 5.57 5.05

S4: Large sized urea granules

4.32 5.28 4.80

S.Em± 0.03 0.02 0.02C.D. at 5% 0.10 0.06 0.05

Table 4: Total leaching loss of nitrogen (kg/ha) as influenced by sources of nitrogen in rice.

Jayadeva and Prabhakara Setty (2006)ARS, Kathalagere7/11/2015

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Nitrification inhibitors

There are chemicals, which can retard the process of nitrification and reduces the losses by leaching and denitrification.

N –serve (2-chloro 6trichloromethyl pyridine)AM (2-amino 4chloro 6methyl pyrimidine)DCD(dicyadiamide)ST(sulphathiazole)

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Slow release nitrogen fertilizers

• SCU (Sulphur coated urea)• PCU (Polymer coated urea)• NCU (Neem coated urea)• IBDU (Isobutylidene diurea)• USG (Urea super granules )

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Treatment N uptake (kg/ha)

NUE (kg grain/kg N

added)

Apparent N recovery (%)

Prilled urea 61.62 22.66 50.88

Urea super granule(USG) 67.05 29.67 61.92

Large granule urea(LGU)

61.96 21.30 51.85

Orissa Panda (1993)

Table 5: Effect of sources of N uptake, NUE, apparent N recovery and production efficiency of N by rice in coastal soils (mean of two year)

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Time & quantity of application

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Total and average of nitrate leaching in different treatments of urea application amount (50, 125, 200 and 275 kg/ha) in different split number (1, 2 and 3)

Iran Forough et al. (2014)

Fig: 3

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The average of nitrate leaching in different split treatments and the basal application treatment

Forough et al. (2014)Iran

Fig: 4

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Treatments Grain yield (Kg/ha)

AEN (Kg/Kg) WUE (Kg/ha-cm)

T1 6760 44.5 76

T2 11447 86.4 105

T3 6628 43.3 77.5

T4 11333 85.4 114.5

T5 11375 88.1 111.5

T6 11216 84.3 123

T7 8015 58.1 38.5

S.Em± 570.14 5.45

CD@5% 1642.0 15.70

T1= Irrigation @1.5Epan throughout growth stages

T2= Irrigation @2Epan throughout growth stages

T3= Irrigation @1.25Epan to tillering + 1.5Epan tillering to maturity

T4=Irrigation @1.25Epan to tillering + 2Epan tillering to maturity

T5= Irrigation @1.5Epan to tillering + 2Epan tillering to maturity

T6= Irrigation @ 1.25Epan to tillering + 5Epan tillering to panicle emergence + 2Epan panicle emergence to maturity

T7= surface irrigated puddle transplanted rice

Table 6: Drip irrigation scheduling on grain yield, AEN, WUE of aerobic rice with surface irrigated puddle transplanted rice

UAS, Bengaluru Anusha (2015)

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Method of application

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Treatments Initial N(kg ha-1)

N through fertilize

r(kg ha-

1)

Total (kg ha-

1)

Uptake of N by

crop(kg ha-1)

Expected

balance(kg ha-

1)

Actual balance (kg ha-

1)

Net loss (-) or

gain (+)

T1:Surface irrigation with soil application of RDF 292.4 100.0 392.4 83.4 309.0 265.0 -44.0

T2:50% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with NF)

292.4 50.0 342.4 89.3 253.1 223.0 -30.1

T3:75% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with NF)

292.4 75.0 367.4 97.9 269.5 240.0 -29.5

T4:100% RDF (50% basal with NF +50%top dress through DF with NF)

292.4 100.0 392.4 105.7 286.7 262.0 -24.7

T5:50% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

292.4 50.0 342.4 101.7 240.7 215.0 -25.7

T6:75% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

292.4 75.0 367.4 126.5 240.9 230.0 -10.9

T7:100% RDF(50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

292.4 100.0 392.4 131.0 261.4 256.0 -5.4

T8:50 % RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 292.4 50.0 342.4 117.8 224.6 213.0 -11.6

T9:75 % RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 292.4 75.0 367.4 131.0 236.4 230.0 -6.4

T10:100% RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 292.4 100.0 392.4 141.2 251.2 250.0 -1.2

Table 7: Nitrogen balance (kg ha-1) in the soil after the harvest of aerobic rice as influenced by drip fertigation

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Genotypes Aerobic rice surface irrigation

Aerobic rice drip irrigation

Puddle transplanted rice

Grain yield

NUE WUE

Grain yield

NUE WUE Grain yield

NUE WUE

Rasi 5411 54.1 50.8 7379 73.8 101.3 6078 60.8 41.3MAS 946-1 5900 59.0 51.9 7765 77.7 96.3 6393 63.9 41.2

Grain yield (Kg/ha), NUE (Kg/Kg), WUE(Kg/ha-cm)

Table 8: Effect of different methods of irrigation on grain yield, NUE, WUE of different genotypes

Anusha (2015)UAS, Bengaluru

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LCC

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PAU, Ludhiana Yadvinder Singh et al.(2007)

Location Grain yield (t ha-1) Fertilizer N applied (kg ha-1)

PFPN (kg grain/kg N)

RN LCC 4 RN LCC 4 RN LCC 4

Dhatt 7.13 7.69 120 80 59.4 88.0

Hissowal 6.98 7.09 120 80 58.0 87.9

Gurdaspur 5.29 6.50 120 80 44.1 81.3

Table 9: Comparison of LCC and recommended nitrogen in different locations.

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SPAD

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Table 10: Comparison of SPAD method with farmer’s practice for N management in rice at selected sites.

Treatment N used (kg ha-1) Grain yield (t ha-1) AEN PFP-N

PhilippinesControl 0 3.7 - -Farmer’s practice 126 6.0 18.2 41.0SPAD-35 150 6.7 19.7 44.7IndiaControl 0 5.3 - -

Farmer’s practice 125 6.4 8.8 51.6

SPAD-35 60 7.1 51.0 118.4VietnamControl 0 2.8 - -Farmer’s practice 120 4.0 9.8 33.0

SPAD-35 70 4.0 17.8 57.5

PFP-N = partial factor productivity for applied N = grain yield/applied NIRRI Balasubramanian (2000) 7/11/2015

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STCR

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STCR equations for rice in different regions :

Suitable region S T C R equation

Tamil Nadu FN= 2.54 T – 0.54 SNMadurai FN = 7.94 T – 0.46 SNKarnataka FN = 3.45 T – 0.29 SNKurnool FN = 6.28 T – 0.40 SNMadhya Pradesh FN = 2.78 T – 0.27 SNPunjab FN = 3.02 T – 0.63 SNWest Bengal FN = 3.28T – 0.18 SNDelhi FN = 3.44 T – 0.31 SN

FN = Fertilizer N to be applied (kg ha-1) SN = Soil Nitrogen (kg ha-1)

(Yellamanda Reddy and Sankara Reddi)7/11/2015

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STCR equation for rice ( Jaya and other HYV)for Bengaluru, Thumakuru and Kolara district

FN= 7.26T- 129SNFP2O5= 4.05T-2.52SP2O5

FK2O= 3.15T-0.29SK2O

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SSNM

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sites AEN REN PFPN

SSNM FFP ∆ SSNM FFP ∆ SSNM FFP ∆

Gurudaspur 18.3 9.27 9.05 0.33 0.22 0.12 51.20 36.7 14.5

Hoshiarpur 16.4 8.31 8.07 0.30 0.18 0.12 45.4 31.9 13.5

Ludhiana 13.3 9.69 3.59 0.27 0.23 0.03 50.0 49.2 0.77

Patiala 16.4 13.0 3.36 0.33 0.27 0.06 43.6 42.3 1.26

Faridkot 17.1 8.32 8.75 0.31 0.18 0.13 40.0 29.0 11.0

Firozpur 17.9 7.56 10.4 0.30 0.18 0.13 35.7 23.1 12.6

All 16.1 8.79 7.26 0.30 0.20 0.10 44.2 34.7 9.48

∆ = SSNM- FFP

Table 11: Effect of SSNM on fertilizer N use efficiency in irrigated, transplanted rice fields at six sites in Punjab

Harmandeep et al. (2004)Punjab

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Table 12: Effect of SSNM on fertilizer N use efficiency, fertilizer cost and gross return in 21 farms of China.

Parameters Treatment

SSNM Farmer’s fertilizer practice

AEN (kg grain/ kg N) 11.4 6.4

REN (kg N /kg N) 0.29 0.18

PPN (kg grain/ kg N) 49 37

China Wang et al. (2001)7/11/2015

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Remote sensing

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Cultivar (year) Treatment Total N applied(kg ha-1)

Rice grain yield(t ha-1)

Total N uptake(kg ha-1)

AEN REN

PR120 (2009) No–N control 0 3.37 52.5 - -

120 kg N ha-1 applied in 3 equal split dose sat 0, 21and 42 DAT of rice

120 8.23 150.2 40.6 81.4

30 kg N ha-1 at transplanting + 45 kg N ha-1 at 21 DAT + sensor guided N dose at 42 DAT

103 8.33 144.6 48.2 89.4

HKR 127 (2009) No–N control 0 5.01 71.2 - -

120 kg N ha-1 applied in 3 equal split dose sat 0, 21and 42 DAT of rice

120 7.26 125.4 18.7 45.1

30 kg N ha-1 at transplanting + 45 kg N ha-1 at 21 DAT + sensor guided N dose at 42 DAT

101 7.38 123.8 23.5 52.1

LSD (p = 0.05): cultivar

0.194 7.11 6.76 4.20

Fertilizer treatment 0.320 6.20 4.62 5.46

Cultivar × fertilizer treatment

0.453 8.77 6.53 6.53

Table 13: Evaluation of Green Seeker optical sensor based site-specific N management with blanket recommendation for fertilizer N in rice

Ludhiana Bijay Singh et al. 20097/11/2015

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Case studies

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517/11/2015

For more information contact Dr. Sai Bhaskar Reddy Co-ordinater ClimaAdopt projectEmail- saibhaskarnaka@gmail.comMobile No. 09676799191

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Improving Water Use Efficiency in Punjab Agriculture:

The Case of Tensiometers

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Table 14:

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Conclusion

• Urea super granules or slow releasing fertilizers are best way to minimize nitrate loss than use of prilled urea.

• Nitrogen management using chlorophyll meter at critical value 35 recorded higher grain yield and Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency compared to farmers practice.

• Aerobic method of rice cultivation with drip irrigation helps in increasing water use efficiency than puddle transplanted rice.

• Nitrogen application based on Leaf colour chart at critical value 4 is the optimal N fertilization strategy for rice, since it gives higher grain yield besides saving of N as compared to blanket N recommendation.

• Drip fertigation with water soluble fertilizer increases nitrogen use efficiency compared to surface irrigation with soil application of recommended fertilizer.

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Future line of work

• Intensive work on use of remote sensors in precision water and nutrient management in Indian contest need attention.

• Quantification of nutrient losses under micro irrigation is required.

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Treatments

Cost of cultivati

on(Rs. ha-1)

Gross returns

(Rs. ha-1)

Net returns

(Rs. ha-1)B:C

T1:Surface irrigation with soil application of RDF 38520 65126 26606 1.69

T2:50% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with NF) 38720 65905 27185 1.70

T3:75% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with NF) 39695 75190 35496 1.89

T4:100% RDF (50% basal with NF +50%top dress through DF with NF)

41260 82891 41632 2.01

T5:50% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

45632 78394 32762 1.72

T6:75% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

50945 105093 54148 2.06

T7:100% RDF(50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

56261 114365 58104 2.03

T8:50 % RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 55213 91766 36553 1.66

T9:75 % RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 63716 106452 42736 1.67

T10:100% RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 72223 121222 48999 1.68

Rekha, (2013)UAS, Bengaluru

Table 15: Economics of aerobic rice as influenced by drip fertigation

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Treatments

Irrigation water used (mm)

Total water used IR+ER

(mm)

Water productivity (kg ha-

cm-1)T1:Surface irrigation with soil application of RDF 846.00 1073.0 31.45T2:50% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with NF) 487.15 714.5 47.47T3:75% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with NF) 487.15 714.5 54.51T4:100% RDF (50% basal with NF +50%top dress through DF with NF)

487.15 714.5 60.18

T5:50% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

487.15 714.5 57.48

T6:75% RDF (50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

487.15 714.5 78.38

T7:100% RDF(50% basal with NF+50%top dress through DF with WSF)

487.15 714.5 85.99

T8:50 % RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 487.15 714.5 68.02T9:75 % RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 487.15 714.5 79.27T10:100% RDF through drip fertigation with WSF 487.15 714.5 91.01S.Em ± - - 4.39CD @ 5% - - 13.05CV (%) - - 11.63

Table 16: Total water used (mm) and water use efficiency (kg ha-cm-1) of aerobic rice under drip fertigation

Rekha (2014)UAS, Bengaluru7/11/2015