[ a double reading of a text]1. Read the first time to get an idea of the main ideas and points2. Read the 2nd time with three points in minda. what are the text’s “silences” )what doesn’t the author talk about?b. de-construction: look for the stated or implied binaries, circularities, contradictionsc. genealogy-a tracing of the main ideas, their derivation-looking for the lost “field of memory” looking for a “counter memory”

THE FUNCTION OF A BINARY

•objective• truth• science

•subjective• non-truth (false)• non-science

• to pre-shape the discourse, casting the alternative usually in unfavorable terms (the first term in a binary is the “privileged” one) used this way a binary is a “meta” imposition in a discourse• to create a categorical system which is not grounded empirically but may be used to pre-judge empirical data-thereby limiting the identification of alternatives• to bias a conversation to suit the one who imposed the binary

• to avoid defining a term that may contradict a favored definition (“intelligence is whatever an intelligence test measures.”• functions as a kind of binary, to keep arguments or counter- arguments “in category” and to diminish the power of a counter factual which would challenge the initial premises of a line of argument• to present tautologies as original arguments (statements true by definition) or to avoid having tautologies identified as such

• a statement made in one place that is nullified by a statement made somewhere else• shows a writer has not extended his/her line of argument far enough to see that it may not support counter factuals-(a contradiction is a counter factual embedded in your own line of argument)• can discredit a line of argument by breaking off a possible conclusion

A Historyof

SEX

-That mitochondrial DNA and XY DNA should vary equally, but they don’t--one explanation is that fewer men arehaving sex with more women which explains the DNA lines which are at the base of the research.SILENCES- 1. Looked at only three cultures2. What about people who had sex but didn’t produce children3. Does it imply that half the men in history have been celebate4. Women who want to have children5. The Y chromosome? Absence of data.

BINARIES1. Monogamy vs. promiscuity (females not as promiscious as men2. Natural equated with animal vs. unatural3. Choosy vs. not choosy4. Mitochrondial vs. Y chromosomeCIRCULARITIES1. Less men procreate but their genes go farther2. In most species males want to be more promiscous than females, (homo sapies not most species)3. Natural is to be more animal like.4. How they are defining modern, culture, what suits them to make their pointCONTRADICTION1. 70% of “modern cultures” the women move from her native village to her husbands. Why is the men’s DNA moving farther?