Phrase, Clause and Sentence

Presented

Muhammad Fahad Malik

15091624-067

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Phrase• Group of related

words (within a sentence) that lack

subject and predicate(verb).

• Phrase can not express the complete

idea or thought.

Phrase does not include the subject and the

verb at the same time and doesn’t make a

complete sense, thus; phrase can not be a

sentence.

• He is standing near a wall.• The girl with blue eyes is my

cousin. • To become a good lawyer is my

aim.

Examples of Phrase

More than one phrase in a sentence

• I will meet you at 3pm, in front of the gate in the park.

Adverb Phrase

Infinitive

PhraseGerund Phrase

Participle Phrase

Noun Phrase

Adjective Phrase

Verb Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Types of Phrase

Noun Phrase

Verb Phrase

Consists of noun & related words

(modifiers). It functions like a noun in the

sentence

Combination of Main Verb and its

auxiliaries (helping Verb) in the sentence.

• The girl on the stage is singing.

• The girl with blue eyes bought a beautiful dress.

• She is reading a book.

• She has been reading a book for two hours.

Adjective Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Consists of Prep, object of prep ( Noun or Pro) and may also

have modifiers.

Group of words function as adj. Consists of adj,

modifiers and any word that modifies noun or pro in the

sentence.

• A girl at the corner of the class is Aamina.

• She is singing in a loud voice.

• She is wearing a beautiful dress.

• The boy in the red shirt is my brother.

Adverb Phrase

Infinitive Phrase

Group of words function as adverb. Consist of adverb and other words (preposition verb , noun, Modifiers).

Consists of infinitive (to+ first form of

verb) and modifiers (words associated to

infinitive).

• She always talks in a good way.

• She was shouting in a loud voice.

• She likes to eat chocolate.

• They made a plan to through a party.

Gerund Phrase

Participle Phrase

Consists of Gerund (verb+ing) and

modifiers or words associated with

gerund. It acts as noun in sentence.

Consists of prestent participle (verb+ing) and Past participle

(verb+ed) and modifiers associated to it. It is separated by Comma

and acts as adj.

• I like reading romantic novels.

• She started learning the lesson.

• The boy, begging the money, is poor.

• The book, written by Ali, is very interesting.

Clause

Group of related words (within a sentence or itself an independent sentence) containing subject and the predicate (verb) both. Thus it can express complete thought or idea.

Examples of Clause

• I will join you at 2pm.• The students were shouting in

the classroom.

• He invited everyone, but no one was present there.

• I went to university and he went to book shop because he needed a book.

Types of Clause

Main Clause

Subordinate Clause

Adjective Clause

Adverb Clause

Noun Clause

Main Clause

Group of words having subject and predicate, that expresses complete

thought or an idea and can stand as a sentence. It is also called

superordinate clause, independent clause or base clause.

• I met the boy.• The teacher asked a question.• He became angry.• He is wearing a hat.

Subordinate

ClauseGroup of words having subject and

predicate, that can not express complete thought or an idea and can never stand

as a sentence. They always depend upon main Clause, thus; they are also called

dependent clause.• Whenever it rains, he goes

for a long drive.• I first met her in Karachi

where I lived as a child.

Types of Subordinate

ClauseNoun Claus

eDependent clause functions as a noun. It performs same

functions like a noun in a sentence.

• On weekends, we can do whatever we want. (functions as object of sentence)

• Those who are poor need our help.(subject)

Adjective Clause

Adverb Clause

Dependent clause functions as adj. It

modifies a noun or the pronoun in the

sentence.

Dependent clause functions as an adverb

that modifies a verb, adj clause or another

adverb clause in the sentence.

• The lady who lives across the street is my aunt.

• The book that is on the chair belongs to me.

• Put the hammer down because you might hurt someone.

• You can achieve anything provided that you struggle for it.

Sentence

Word or Group of words that can express a complete idea and that includes a subject and a predicate. It is the largest independable unit of grammar which begin with capital letter and ends with full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).e.g. He laughed. She ate an apple. She goes to school. etc.

Types of Sentence

With respect to Structure

With respect to Function

1. Simple Sentence2. Compound

Sentence3. Complex

Sentence4. Complex-

Compound Sentence

1. Affirmative Sentence

2. Negative Sentence

3. Interrogative sentence

4. Exclamatory sentence

5. Imperative Sentences

With Respect to Structure

Simple Sentence

Compound Sentence

Consists of only one in-dependable clause. Having a subject and verb which can express complete thought. No in-dependable clause

• He laughed.• He is sleeping.• I brought a book• She drank juice.

Consists of at least two in- dependable clauses joined by co-ordinating conjunctions (for,and, but,yet). No dependable clause.• I like tea but my brother

likes coffee.• The teacher asked the

question and the student answered correctly..

Complex Sentence

Complex-Compound Sentence

Consists of one independent and at least one dependent clause joined by subordinating conjuctions (although, since, when, unless etc)

Consists of at least two independible and one or more dependable clauses.

• She is wearing a dress which looks nice.

• You can not pass the exam unless you study for it.

• I went to University and he went to the book shop because he needed books.

• Although I like books, I do not like comics but my friend loves them.

With Respect to Functions

Affirmative

SentenceNegative Sentence

The sentences that shows positivity, validity and the truth. Positive sentences tell us what something is, has or does.

• This cat is black.• He has a cat.• The book is lying on the

table.

A negative is defined as a person or thing that refuses or denies, or is undesirable, unwanted or disliked. It includes ‘not’.

• This cat is not black.• He does not have a cat.• The book is not lying on

the table.

Exclamatory Sentence

Interrogative Sentence

These sentence express strong emotions and feelings. It ends with an exclamatory mark (!).

An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question. It end with a question mark (?).

• Oh my God! It’s so horrible!

• Hurraah! We won the match!

• What is this?• Where have you

been?

Imperative Sentence

An imperative sentence gives advice or instructions or expresses a request or command. It ends with full stop or exclamatory mark.

• Don’t text me.• Open the door.

• Shut up!