CLAUSE

CLAUSEPHRASEPart of SpeechBY: Fitri Hidayati20110540058 Independent ClauseAlso called main clause (induk kalimat) is a series of words containing a subject and predicate which has had a perfect understanding (obviously), and can stand alone, that is not dependent on another clause.Example :We study English.

English is an international language.

She has finished working.

Dependent ClauseAlso called subordinate clause (anak kalimat), dependent clause is a series of words containing a subject and predicate but do not yet have a perfect understanding, and can not stand alone, meaning that depending on the pads of other words (Main Clause). Example :I will go if you go.

She won't come unless you invite her.

I enjoy my job although I work long hours.

Based on the function (use) Clauses are classified into 3 types,

Noun ClauseAdjective ClauseAdverbial ClauseWhat is a noun clause?

Noun clause is a clause that is use as a substitute for noun or functioning as a noun.Examples :

I know where he lives. s v o (noun clause)Dani doesnt know if he is married. s v o (noun clause) Exercise 1. noun clause that begin with a question word a: Where does Jim go to school?b: I dont know where Jim goes to school.

a: Why is Maria laughing?b: I dont know. Does anybody know _____________________?

a: How much does a new Honda cost?b: Peter can tell you ________________________.

a: How long do bird lives?b: I dont know ______________________.

a: Where did Emily buy her computer?b: I dont know ______________________ her computer.

Exercise 2. noun clauses with WHO, WHAT, WHOSE + BEa: Who is that woman?b: I dont know who that woman is.

a: What is a crow?b: I dont know _______________.

a: Whose car is that?b: I dont know ______________.

a: Who is in the doctors office?b: I dont know _______________.

a: Whats at the end of a rainbow?b: What did you say, Susie?a: I want to know ________________.

What is an Adjective clause?An adjective clause is clauses that are used or functioning as an adjective a noun or pronoun to explain the situation.Example :I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.

Main Clause: I have read the book.Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.I met a man who lives in Chicago.

Main Clause: I met a man.Subordinate Clause: (who) lives in Chicago.

Exercise 1. Adjective clauses with WHO and WHOMa. Do you know the people? b. They live in the white house. Do you know the people who live in the white house?

a. The police officer was friendly. b. She gave me directions.

a. The woman gave me some information. b. I called her.

a. The people were very nice. b. I met them at the party last night.

a. The man talked a lot. b. I met him on the plane.

a. The people have three cars. b. They live next to me.Exercise 2. written: adjective clauseMy friend told me about a man who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I returned the book that . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Do you know the woman that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

I have a friend whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The apple tree is producing fruit that . . . . . . . . . . .

The person who . . . . . . . . . . . . .What is an Adverbial clause?An adverbial clause is a clause that has an adverb-like function in modifying another clause.Example :Linda needs the pen which is expensive. main clause : Linda needs the pen. subordinate clause : which is expensive.

what is main clause?Definition :A main clause is a clause that may stand alone as a complete sentence, and expresses the focalpredicationwhen occurring in acomplex sentence.

What is coordinate clause?Definition:A coordinate clause is a clause belonging to a series of two or more clauses which are not syntactically dependent one on another, and are joined by means ofacoordinating conjunctionaconnective, orparataxis.Examples :I will go homeandhe will go to work.John likes hamburgers,butMary prefers hot dogs.We might go to Seattle,orwe might go to California.

What is an equative clause?

DefinitionAn equative clause is a clause which describes a feature of itssubject. It contains asubject complementand, typically, acopula.Examples :He is a doctor.She is the queen.

What is an existential clause?

Definition:An existential clause is a clause, having a distinctive grammatical structure, which expresses the real or imagined existence of an entity.DiscussionAn existential clause often introduces an entity into adiscourse.Example :The clause constructionthere+ verb [typicallybe] + noun phrase forms an existential clause, as in:There was a man.What is a nominal clause?

DefinitionA nominal clause is asubordinate clausethat functions as anoun phrase.Examples :I knowthat he is here.Fromwhere I stood,I saw the horse.KindHere is a kind of nominal clause:What is a complement clause?

what is a reference clause?

Definition:Here are two senses of areference clause:A reference clause is a clause with an argument that, in amarking clauseelsewhere in the sentence, is signaled as being co referential or not to the argument of the marking clause.In a language having aswitch referencesystem, a reference clause is a clause with an argument, which is typically thesubject.

What is a relative clause?

Definition:A relative clause is aclausewhich describes thereferentof aheadnounorpronoun. It often restricts the reference of the head noun or pronoun.DiscussionA relative clause is not necessarily aconstituentof the noun phrase containing the head noun it modifies.Example:The plumber arrivedwho we had called earlier.(Who we had called earlierhas been extra posed from its normal position afterplumber and is not a member of the noun phrase containingplumber.)The manwho went passengersleaving on Flight 738

What is subordinate clause?Definition:A subordinate clause is a clause that is embedded as a constituent of amatrix sentenceand that functions like anoun,adjective, oradverbin the resultantcomplex sentence.

What is a final clause?

DefinitionA final clause is the last clause in aclause chain. It is distinguished frommedial clausesby a difference inverbmorphology.

PHRASEA phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.

Example:She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store. Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky. They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.

Adpositional phrase

Definition An adpositional phrase is a linguistics term defining a syntactic category that includes prepositional phrases and postpositional phrases. Adpositional phrases contain an adposition in the head position and usually a complement such as a noun phrase. Language syntax treats adpositional phrases as units that act as complements or adjuncts.

Here are 2 kinds of adpositional phrases :Prepositional phraseA prepositional phrase is an adpositional phrase in which a preposition is the head. The preposition precedes its complement. The phrase is an exocentric construction that functions as an adjectival or adverbial modifier. The complement to the preposition is typically one of the following:NounNoun phrasePronounExample :on the busto townon the other hand

Postpositional phraseA postpositional phrase is an adpositional phrase in which a postposition is the head. The postposition follows its complement.The phrase is an exocentric construction that functions as an adjectival or adverbial modifier. The complement to the postposition is typically one of the following:NounNoun phrasePronounExample :to the storefrom the housewith chopsticks

Exercise. For the following sentences, write parentheses around all prepositional phrase.Jim earned his living in a factory.He looked at the girl.John lost his girl to his best friend.Sally enjoys listening to the radio.In his eyes was a look of love.She walked slowly up the stairs.Jimmy came to the game with me.The funny clown fell down the stairs.Ron was running for his life.I have a present for you.

Noun phraseDefinition Noun phrase is a phrase that is used / serves as a noun (noun).

Example:Ali went to the store for some books.My new car near the tree is old enough.The desk in this room is small.

Verb phraseVerb phrase, is phrases which headword its verb form, which is placed at the end of the phrase. Preceded by the auxiliary verb phrase.

Example:am typing.has passed will see.will have graduated.

The forms of verb phrases, among others:Be + verb-ing/verb3Has/have/had + verb3Has/have/had + been + verb-ing/verb3Modal + verb1Modal + be + verb-ing/verb3Modal + have + verb3Modal + have + been +verb-ing/verb.

Adjective phraseAdjective phrase is a phrase that is used / functioning as an adjective, given the nature of the noun or pronoun.

Example:

Books in black and red were the clerk's delight.The girl with long hair is my friend.

Adverbial phrase Adverbial phrase is a phrase that is used / function as an adverb, which describes a verb.

Example:Henry fishes in the big lake.He put the money into his pocket.

Phrase adverbial can also be used to express (express) some relationships, such as expressing relationships of time (expressing a relation of time), place (where), manner (how), degree (level / degree), cause (cause and effect), purpose ( purpose / intent), condition (condition), or a concession or contrast (opposition).

Pronominal phraseDefinition A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun.Note: The term pronominal is also used as an adjective to mean "of, constituting, or resembling a pronoun.

Example :Thats not the one I wanted

Invinitive phraseInvinitive phrase is s a phrase that contains the infinitive and infinitive phrases can be used / serves as a Noun, Adjective or Adverb.

Example:To learn English, you must practice everyday.He is good man for you to know.He has been warned not to do that again.

Gerund phraseGerund phrase is a phrase that contains a gerund, and usually only serves as a Noun.

Example:

Reading books enlarge one's horizons.Playing with guns is dangerous.Taking a long walk every day is good exercise.Her cleaning the house every day is not necessary.The broadcasting by that station comes from the top of a skyscraper.

Appositive phraseAppositive phrase is a group of words that serve to give additional information to the subject or object. Appositive Phrases can be a noun, adjective, adverb, or prepositional phrases.Example:Noun: He had asked Mr. Wilson, a prominent lawyer, to represent him in court.Adjective: The professor, unaware that many of his students were asleep, went right on lecturing.Adverb: The gentleman over there by the door is our accountant.Prepositional phrase: Mr. Harris, in a hurry to get home, a took a taxi from the airport.

Principal PhrasePrincipal phrase is a phrase containing a participle which usually serves as an adjective.

Example:

Not knowing anyone in town he felt very lonesome.Having finished his assignment, he went home.Having lost all my money, I went home.Student arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall. (Arriving late menjelaskan student.)We heard the children crying.

PART OF SPEECHOne of a group of traditional classifications of words according to their functions in context, including the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, and sometimes the article.EIGHT PART OF SPEECHNounsVerbsPronounsAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositionsConjuctionsInterjections

NOUNSNouns are the names of person,things or place.The use of the noun can be the subject of the sentences,object of verb nd object of prepositions.

example :The names of personAdam malikKH.Abdurrahman Wahid

Exercise 1. plural nounsChicago has busy street and highway. streets highwaysBox have six side.

Big city have many problem.

Lamb are the offspring of sheep.

Parent support their child.

Indonesia has several active vulcano.

VERBSVerb are words that express an action,event or state. Kinds of verbActions verb express mental or physical actionsLinking verb make statement by connecting the subject and predicate in a sentence.Example : I am student Her daughter becomes a docter. Dina appears clever and wise.

PRONOUNSThe pronoun is a word used in place of one or more noun. It may stand for a person,place,thing or idea.Personal pronouns : I, me, mine, you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, etc.Demonstrative ptonouns : that,this,these,thoseInterrogative pronouns : who,what,which,when,where,whom,whose,whyIndifinite pronouns : anybody, anything,everything,someone, something.

Example:

This is my car. We build a house ourselves. The girl whom I met yesterday had left foe Jakarta. She didnt say anything.Exercise 1. personal pronounsI have a grammar book. It is black.

Tom borrowed my books. ___ returned ____ yesterday.

Susan is wearing some new earrings. ___ look good on ___.

The apples were rotten, so the children didnt eat ____ even though ____ were really hungry.

Do bees sleep at night? Or do _____ work in the hive all night long? You never see ____ after dark. What do ____ do after night falls?

ADJECTIVESAdjective are words that are use to describe, identify or quantify a noun or a pronoun.

Example:Knives are sharp.Crocodiles have big teeth.Exercise 1. using nouns as adjectivesThis book is about grammar. Its a grammar book.

My garden has vegetables. It is a _____________.

The soup has beans. It is ________________.

We made plans for our vacation. We made _____________.

Flags fly from poles. Many government buildings have ___________.

The villages are in the mountains. The are _____________.ADVERBSAdverb are words that are used to describe verbs, adjective or adverbs.

Type of Adverbs can be divided into six kinds :Adverbs of Manner : Beautifully, calmly, carefully,neatly etcAdverbs of Place and Direction : away, north,east,in solo etcAdverbs of Time : ago,last week,today etcAdverbs of Frequency :always,never,rarely,etcAdverbd of Degree : indeed, in fact,slightly etcAdverbs of Modality : likely, maybe,probably etc

Example:

Speak slowly,please I will there tomorrow Rini is always busy on Sunday Lulu is often absent from school Your house is very expensive Maybe I should meet her now

PREPOSITIONSPreposition are words that are used with a noun or pronoun that are placed in front of them to show a relation between these words with another part of sentence, such as at,on, in,into,for,from,of etc.

Example : the book for him is new the student are in the classroom

Exercise 1. prepositions of time We dont know what will happen ____ the future.

I am a student ___ the present time, but I will graduate next month.

I usually take a walk ____ the morning before I go to work.

Our family enjoys spending time together ___ the evening.

Ms. Walker cant come to the phone right now. Shes in a meeting ____ the moment.

I moved to this city _____ September.

CONJUCTIONSConjuctions are words that are used to connect words or a group of words or sentence. The conjuction include such as and, but,or,yet,although etc.

Example :Although agnes is sick,she decides to go to work.I had a headache last night,so I went to bed soon

INTERJECTIONSInterjections are word which are used to express surprise,shocked,or warning.

Example :Came on!BravoFantastic!Farewell!Good luckHow wonderful!

REFERENCESRozikin,Badiatul.2011.30 hari mahir bahasa inggris.Yogyakarta: Think.

Riyanto,Slamet dan Emillia NH.2010. A handbook of english grammar.Yogyakarta : Pustaka pelajar.

Thanks for attentions