TitleParking Limitation Policies:The Influence of Car Parking Provision on Travel ModeChris Coath Alexander ShekoAssociate Director ConsultantGTA Consultants GTA Consultants

July 2016, AITPM National Conference

INTRODUCTION

Car parking indisputably plays a key role in modern transport systems,

facilitating the use of private motor vehicles. But to what extent does its

provision and pricing influence how we travel?

EVOLUTION OF PARKING CONTROLS

Minimum parking rate requirement

s

• Benchmark of most planning controls

Parking limitation policies

• Major CBD locations

No minimum approach

• ACT - Key CBD areas

“…the supply of car parking in the CBD must be more carefully managed to control traffic congestion…”

MCC, 1999

IMPORTANCE OF GETTING PARKING CONTROLS RIGHT

Car parking must be considered in a balanced manner to contribute to the liveability and

accessibility of communities

Providing an affordable community

Providing an environment that is

equitable to all

To appropriately protect the amenity of those within the

community

Providing an urban design which enhances the community

Provides a range of services to meet the

needs of the community

EXAMINATION OF CAR OWNERSHIP AND CAR USE RELATIONSHIPS

The relationship between car parking provision, car ownership and car use needs

to be understood in order to identify whether the appropriate parking policy tool to

achieve transport system, liveability and accessibility aspirations involves minimum,

maximum or indeed no car parking requirements.

RELATIONSHIPS

Household Car Ownership v Car Mode Share

Source: ABS Census Data, 2011

RELATIONSHIPSPerson Car

Ownership v Car Mode Share

Dwelling Type v Car Mode Share

Trip Distance v Car Mode Share

Distance to Train Station v

Car Mode Share

Source: ABS Census Data, 2011

RELATIONSHIPSPerson Car

Ownership v Car Mode Share

Dwelling Type v Car Mode Share

Trip Distance v Car Mode Share

Distance to Train Station v

Car Mode Share

Source: ABS Census Data, 2011

RELATIONSHIPSPerson Car

Ownership v Car Mode Share

Dwelling Type v Car Mode Share

Trip Distance v Car Mode Share

Distance to Train Station v

Car Mode ShareSource: Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel

and Activity

RELATIONSHIPSPerson Car

Ownership v Car Mode Share

Dwelling Type v Car Mode Share

Trip Distance v Car Mode Share

Distance to Train Station v

Car Mode Share

Source: Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity

RELATIONSHIPS

• Summary– Relationship does exist between car

ownership and car use– However, a range of inter-related factors

are in play– The relative magnitude of these factors

has not been determined

OTHER RESEARCH

• Other research documents identify a range of outcomes

No link

Link, however not the

only relationship of influence

Maximum policies

reduce car parking

provision

OTHER RESEARCH

• Land Use Impacts on Travel (Litman, 2015)

Network Connectivity

Parking Supply and

Management

Centredness (centricity)

Roadway Design

Transit Quality and Accessibility

Regional Accessibility

Active Transport

(Walking and Cycling)

Site Design

Density

Mix

Mobility Management

Integrated Smart Growth

Programs

MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM

• The use of car parking limitation policies could be supported as a means of managing road network congestion.

• This relationship is only one of many factors.

• Balance must be given the impact of reducing car ownership on development viability

Should other variables be managed before car ownership and parking provision?

CASE STUDY: VCAT P1969/2015

Development Plan Overlay

• 1.0 - 1-bedroom• 1.0 - 2-bedroom• 2.0 - 3- bedroom

Developer Provision

• 0.81 - 1-bedroom• 1.15 - 2-bedroom• 1.43 - 3-bedroom• 0.92 - Average

Responsible Authority

• 0.5 - 1-bedroom• 0.7 - 2-bedroom• 1.0 - 3- bedroom

• Spaces per dwelling

- 74 less parking spaces- 15 less vehicle movements

CASE STUDY: VCAT P1969/2015

Development Plan Overlay

• 1.0 - 1-bedroom• 1.0 - 2-bedroom• 2.0 - 3- bedroom

Developer Provision

• 0.81 - 1-bedroom• 1.15 - 2-bedroom• 1.43 - 3-bedroom• 0.92 - Average

Responsible Authority

• 0.5 - 1-bedroom• 0.7 - 2-bedroom• 1.0 - 3- bedroom

• Spaces per dwelling

Does compromise to development viability out weigh the corresponding road network

impact?

WHERE TO FROM HERE

• Parking limitation policies have a place …but in what form– Restricting parking does influence car

use– Do not set rigidly so as to limit

development viability– Set to avoid gross over provision – Use other relationships to also control

car use– Consider limitation policies at the

destination

WHERE TO FROM HERE

• Parking controls must be introduced on a precinct wide basis– Ensure integrated approach to

transport planning for all modes of transport

– Coupled with area wide traffic management

– Allows better consideration of the interlocking stakeholder relationship

The Community

Development IndustryCouncil

WHERE TO FROM HERE

• Parking controls must be statutorily incorporated– Certainty and expectations must be

aligned between all stakeholders

Council Officers Councillors Developers

The Communit

y

PARKING LIMITATION POLICIES

Vehicle ownership influences vehicle use however this is not the only relationship of influence.

Parking Limitation Policies have a place however these should not be set so rigidly so as to limit development viability

Parking controls must be introduced on a precinct wide basis

Parking controls must be statutorily incorporated

The Community

Development IndustryCouncil