Paraphrase as a Way to

a contextualized

Stylistic Analysis

By Yaseen Taha

What is a Paraphrase

A restatement of a text or passage giving themeaning in another form as for clearnessrewording

Means expressing the meaning of a text by usingdifferent usually simpler words often to achievegreater clarity

Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy

Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the

classical schools of oratory

When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues

such as the concepts of text discourse reference and

representation also come into play

What is a text

Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication

The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually

related to an appropriate context of use

The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the

listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos

or writerrsquos intended message or discourse

Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a

large extent meaningless

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

What is a Paraphrase

A restatement of a text or passage giving themeaning in another form as for clearnessrewording

Means expressing the meaning of a text by usingdifferent usually simpler words often to achievegreater clarity

Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy

Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the

classical schools of oratory

When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues

such as the concepts of text discourse reference and

representation also come into play

What is a text

Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication

The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually

related to an appropriate context of use

The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the

listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos

or writerrsquos intended message or discourse

Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a

large extent meaningless

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

A restatement of a text or passage giving themeaning in another form as for clearnessrewording

Means expressing the meaning of a text by usingdifferent usually simpler words often to achievegreater clarity

Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy

Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the

classical schools of oratory

When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues

such as the concepts of text discourse reference and

representation also come into play

What is a text

Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication

The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually

related to an appropriate context of use

The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the

listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos

or writerrsquos intended message or discourse

Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a

large extent meaningless

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy

Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the

classical schools of oratory

When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues

such as the concepts of text discourse reference and

representation also come into play

What is a text

Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication

The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually

related to an appropriate context of use

The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the

listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos

or writerrsquos intended message or discourse

Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a

large extent meaningless

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

What is a text

Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication

The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually

related to an appropriate context of use

The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the

listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos

or writerrsquos intended message or discourse

Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a

large extent meaningless

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication

The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually

related to an appropriate context of use

The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the

listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos

or writerrsquos intended message or discourse

Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a

large extent meaningless

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

What is a Context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and

can throw light on its meaning

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or

follow a specific word or passage

What are the Types of context

Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding

features of language inside a text like sounds

words phrases and clauses

Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and

experiences in the world outside the text and

includes components like the following

The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of

the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor

The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse

The temporal and physical situation of the discourse

The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem

Background knowledge required for the discourse to be

understood

Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or

genre For example in poetry its particular semantic

phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)

and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is

used to make a comparison between two people things

animals or places

Ex Time is money

Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in

Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo

Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human

attributes) Ex The sky weeps

its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel

sound patterns vocabulary and syntax

What is a discourse

DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected

speech or writing longer than a sentence

The use of language both in written and spoken

Reference and Representation

Context of literary and non-literary texts

Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual

situation

Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself

Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in

an observable context

Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip

through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers

to create an imaginary alternative world

Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary

existence

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of

the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor

The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse

The temporal and physical situation of the discourse

The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem

Background knowledge required for the discourse to be

understood

Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or

genre For example in poetry its particular semantic

phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)

and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is

used to make a comparison between two people things

animals or places

Ex Time is money

Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in

Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo

Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human

attributes) Ex The sky weeps

its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel

sound patterns vocabulary and syntax

What is a discourse

DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected

speech or writing longer than a sentence

The use of language both in written and spoken

Reference and Representation

Context of literary and non-literary texts

Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual

situation

Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself

Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in

an observable context

Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip

through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers

to create an imaginary alternative world

Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary

existence

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or

genre For example in poetry its particular semantic

phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)

and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is

used to make a comparison between two people things

animals or places

Ex Time is money

Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in

Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo

Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human

attributes) Ex The sky weeps

its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel

sound patterns vocabulary and syntax

What is a discourse

DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected

speech or writing longer than a sentence

The use of language both in written and spoken

Reference and Representation

Context of literary and non-literary texts

Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual

situation

Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself

Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in

an observable context

Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip

through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers

to create an imaginary alternative world

Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary

existence

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in

Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo

Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human

attributes) Ex The sky weeps

its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel

sound patterns vocabulary and syntax

What is a discourse

DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected

speech or writing longer than a sentence

The use of language both in written and spoken

Reference and Representation

Context of literary and non-literary texts

Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual

situation

Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself

Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in

an observable context

Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip

through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers

to create an imaginary alternative world

Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary

existence

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

What is a discourse

DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected

speech or writing longer than a sentence

The use of language both in written and spoken

Reference and Representation

Context of literary and non-literary texts

Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual

situation

Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself

Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in

an observable context

Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip

through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers

to create an imaginary alternative world

Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary

existence

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

Reference and Representation

Context of literary and non-literary texts

Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual

situation

Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself

Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in

an observable context

Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip

through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers

to create an imaginary alternative world

Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary

existence

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

What is deixis

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional contextual information

Pointing or showing

Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions

Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person

deictics

Place or spatial deictics

Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the

speaker)

Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)

Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the

speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)

The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of

the speaker and go and take in a direction away from

the speaker

Time deictics

Now then today yesterday tomorrow

Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)

played and of auxiliaries eg was were

Person deictics

First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)

Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)

Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no

direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider

distant

Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and

hearer sharing the same context

They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken

interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example

a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow

So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or

dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not

know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic

meaning

Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the

speakerrsquo

Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)

Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)

Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the

speaker eg these are my friends

Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to

the speaker eg that man over there

Deixis and Perspective in the poem

The discourse in the poem is representational and not

referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem

does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or

speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the

poem

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false

Time deictics

Now then today yesterday tomorrow

Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)

played and of auxiliaries eg was were

Person deictics

First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)

Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)

Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no

direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider

distant

Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and

hearer sharing the same context

They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken

interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example

a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow

So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or

dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not

know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic

meaning

Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the

speakerrsquo

Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)

Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)

Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the

speaker eg these are my friends

Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to

the speaker eg that man over there

Deixis and Perspective in the poem

The discourse in the poem is representational and not

referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem

does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or

speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the

poem

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false

Person deictics

First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)

Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)

Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no

direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider

distant

Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and

hearer sharing the same context

They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken

interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example

a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow

So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or

dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not

know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic

meaning

Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the

speakerrsquo

Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)

Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)

Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the

speaker eg these are my friends

Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to

the speaker eg that man over there

Deixis and Perspective in the poem

The discourse in the poem is representational and not

referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem

does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or

speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the

poem

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false

They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken

interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example

a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow

So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or

dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not

know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic

meaning

Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the

speakerrsquo

Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)

Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)

Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the

speaker eg these are my friends

Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to

the speaker eg that man over there

Deixis and Perspective in the poem

The discourse in the poem is representational and not

referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem

does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or

speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the

poem

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false

Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the

speakerrsquo

Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)

Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)

Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the

speaker eg these are my friends

Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to

the speaker eg that man over there

Deixis and Perspective in the poem

The discourse in the poem is representational and not

referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem

does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or

speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the

poem

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false

Deixis and Perspective in the poem

The discourse in the poem is representational and not

referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem

does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or

speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the

poem

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false

References

httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase

httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext

enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis

httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-

f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63

httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1

9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh

5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-

PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte

xtampf=false