Paraphrase as a Way to
a contextualized
Stylistic Analysis
By Yaseen Taha
What is a Paraphrase
A restatement of a text or passage giving themeaning in another form as for clearnessrewording
Means expressing the meaning of a text by usingdifferent usually simpler words often to achievegreater clarity
Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy
Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the
classical schools of oratory
When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues
such as the concepts of text discourse reference and
representation also come into play
What is a text
Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication
The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually
related to an appropriate context of use
The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the
listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos
or writerrsquos intended message or discourse
Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a
large extent meaningless
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
What is a Paraphrase
A restatement of a text or passage giving themeaning in another form as for clearnessrewording
Means expressing the meaning of a text by usingdifferent usually simpler words often to achievegreater clarity
Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy
Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the
classical schools of oratory
When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues
such as the concepts of text discourse reference and
representation also come into play
What is a text
Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication
The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually
related to an appropriate context of use
The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the
listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos
or writerrsquos intended message or discourse
Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a
large extent meaningless
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
A restatement of a text or passage giving themeaning in another form as for clearnessrewording
Means expressing the meaning of a text by usingdifferent usually simpler words often to achievegreater clarity
Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy
Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the
classical schools of oratory
When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues
such as the concepts of text discourse reference and
representation also come into play
What is a text
Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication
The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually
related to an appropriate context of use
The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the
listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos
or writerrsquos intended message or discourse
Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a
large extent meaningless
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Paraphrase is used as a teaching strategy
Literally an ancient pedagogical device already used in the
classical schools of oratory
When paraphrasing a poem other relevant theoretical issues
such as the concepts of text discourse reference and
representation also come into play
What is a text
Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication
The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually
related to an appropriate context of use
The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the
listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos
or writerrsquos intended message or discourse
Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a
large extent meaningless
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
What is a text
Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication
The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually
related to an appropriate context of use
The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the
listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos
or writerrsquos intended message or discourse
Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a
large extent meaningless
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Text the verbal record of an oral or written act of communication
The meaning of a text does not come into being until it is actually
related to an appropriate context of use
The process of the contextualization of the text is actually the
listenerrsquos or readerrsquos attempt at a reconstruction of the speakerrsquos
or writerrsquos intended message or discourse
Text by itself ie without guidance from the context is to a
large extent meaningless
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
What is a Context
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and
can throw light on its meaning
The parts of a written or spoken statement that precedes or
follow a specific word or passage
What are the Types of context
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Internal linguistic context that is the surrounding
features of language inside a text like sounds
words phrases and clauses
Non-linguistic context that draws us to ideas and
experiences in the world outside the text and
includes components like the following
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
The personality emotion abilities beliefs and assumptions of
the poemrsquos speaker and interlocutor
The readerrsquos own perspective on the discourse
The temporal and physical situation of the discourse
The sociocultural situation inside and outside the poem
Background knowledge required for the discourse to be
understood
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Knowledge of the stylistic conventions of text type or
genre For example in poetry its particular semantic
phenomena like imagery (imagine pictures in their mind)
and figures of speech like Metaphor word or phrase that is
used to make a comparison between two people things
animals or places
Ex Time is money
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Similes(two unlike things are explicitly comparedas in
Exldquoshe is like a roserdquo
Personification (a thing an idea or an animal is given human
attributes) Ex The sky weeps
its spatial arrangement in lines and stanzas its parallel
sound patterns vocabulary and syntax
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
What is a discourse
DiscourseLinguistics any unit of connected
speech or writing longer than a sentence
The use of language both in written and spoken
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Reference and Representation
Context of literary and non-literary texts
Non-literary texts Used within an identifiable and describable contextual
situation
Literary texts Readers have to construe a context from the text itself
Non-literary texts are referential Direct reference to all sorts of things in
an observable context
Literary texts provide a representation of self-construed contexthellip
through their peculiar and unconventional uses of language make readers
to create an imaginary alternative world
Literary discourse make no direct reference to the world of our ordinary
existence
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
What is deixis
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
in linguistics deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional contextual information
Pointing or showing
Linguistic forms deictics or deictic expressions
Types of deictics Place or spatial time deictics and person
deictics
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Place or spatial deictics
Adverb here (near the speaker) there (away from the
speaker)
Prepositional phrases (in front of behind to the left)
Demonstrative pronouns this and these (near the
speaker) and that and those (away from the speaker)
The deictic verbs come and bring in the direction of
the speaker and go and take in a direction away from
the speaker
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Time deictics
Now then today yesterday tomorrow
Present and past tenses of full verb eg play(s)
played and of auxiliaries eg was were
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Person deictics
First person pronoun I (and its related forms me my mine)
Second-person pronoun you (your and yours)
Third-person pronouns like (he she her him they and them are no
direct participants in basic Iyou interaction and being outsider
distant
Deictic expressions depend for their interpretation on the speaker and
hearer sharing the same context
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
They have their basic uses in face-to-face spoken
interactionhellip In writing things are differents For example
a simple written note saying Meet me here tomorrow
So in Harrisonrsquos poem readers know the semantic or
dictionary meaning of its deictic words but they do not
know their situational (ie contextual) or pragmatic
meaning
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Deictic expressions lsquobeing near the speakerrsquo versus lsquoaway from the
speakerrsquo
Near speaker (= proximal terms are this here and now)
Away from speaker (= distal terms are that there and then)
Physically close objects or peoplehellip psychologically close to the
speaker eg these are my friends
Physically distant objects or peoplehellip psychologically distant to
the speaker eg that man over there
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
Deixis and Perspective in the poem
The discourse in the poem is representational and not
referential The deictic first-person pronoun I in the poem
does not refer to the biographical poet but to a persona or
speaker acting on his behalf within the discourse world of the
poem
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false
References
httpdictionaryreferencecombrowseparaphrase
httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarycontext
enwikipediaorgwikiDeixis
httpwwwslidesharenetdonawidiyadiscourse-vs-textqid=b84262bd-
f191-492e-9829-89fbc7d347ebampv=defaultampb=ampfrom_search=63
httpsbooksgooglecomcybooksid=4ocQmzBiBMcCamppg=PA19amplpg=PA1
9ampdq=Internal+linguistic+contextampsource=blampots=t9IQvlc6Ovampsig=kEWHh
5zsqk6mt5s3W9MjSQSqUN4amphl=enampsa=Xampei=ikL_VKm-Moy-
PK06ampved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgKv=onepageampq=Internal20linguistic20conte
xtampf=false