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Dr. Robbins' Lecture PowerPoint for Ch 22 (American Pageant, 13th ed)
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The Ordeal of Reconstruction
1865-1877
Lecture Notes
Chapter 22
The American Pageant, 13th edition
Quickwrite What factors limited the success of
Reconstruction efforts in the South? How could Reconstruction have been more effective?
Key Topics Impact of the war on North & South Emancipated slaves Freedmen’s Bureau Conflicts over Reconstruction policies:
Lincoln’s “10 percent” Reconstruction plan Wade-Davis Bill
Black Codes
More Key Topics Reconstruction Act: 5 military districts Amendments: 13th, 14th & 15th
Ku Klux Klan Johnson’s Impeachment Purchase of Alaska (Seward’s Folly)
Key People President Andrew Jackson Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Hiram Revels
Fate of the South Fate of Rebel Leaders
Jefferson Davis imprisoned for 2 years “conspirators” later released; pardoned in 1868 Civil disabilities remained for 30 years
Economy virtually destroyed Banks, factories, transportation system Agricultural base: labor system gone, seed
scarce, livestock stolen (10 years to revive)
Freedom? Emancipation was slow and uneven
Many owners refused, even killing escapees
Adjustment to freedom varied Some ex-slaves remained loyal to masters Others sought revenge Took new names; used Mr. and Mrs. Sought their families; formalized marriages
Migrations Many ex-slaves moved to cities, some tried
moving west Church became major focus of black
communities, basis for mutual aid Education
Forbidden under slavery, education became symbolic of independence
Northern white women moved south to help
The Freedmen’s Bureau Created to help the freed slave to
emancipation (March, 1865) Headed by Union General Oliver Howard
(later founder of Howard University) To help freed blacks and white refugees Ex-slaves generally unskilled, illiterate, without
property or money, no knowledge of life beyond the plantation
200,000 blacks learned to read (for equal opportunity and to read the Bible)
The Bureau Undermined Plan to provide each ex-slave with 40 acres
Land parcels confiscated from the Confederates Local white administrators manipulated system
worked with local planters to expel blacks or fooled them into signing labor contracts with their
former masters
Southerners resented govt interference Johnson did not support it; expires in 1872
President Andrew Johnson Very poor background
Apprenticed as tailor when young Worked up to congressman from Tennessee, etc Worked for poor whites; owned some slaves
Nominated VP as southern War Democrat to help win the vote for Lincoln Intelligent and able, but hot-headed and stubborn Wrong place, wrong time
Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s 10% reconstruction plan
A southern state could be reintegrated into the Union once 10% of the voters in 1860 election pledged
Allegiance to US To abide by emancipation proclamation
State govt would then be restored Congress thought it too generous to the South
Wade-Davis Bill Proposed in opposition to Lincoln’s plan
50% of states’ voters must take oath of allegiance to US
Stricter requirements to ensure emancipation
Republicans feared return of planter aristocracy; wanted to punish South
Lincoln successfully vetoed bill Republicans refused to seat new delegates
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Revised Lincoln’s 10% Plan Called for state conventions to
Repeal secession ordinances Repudiate all confederate debts Ratify 13th amendment
Johnson disenfranchised wealthy planters But his pardons put them back into power Undermined Republicans in Congress
Black Codes Revived southern state governments
enacted codes to re-establish labor force To regulate affairs of freed blacks Harsh penalties for blacks who “jumped” labor
contracts One-year commitments with low wages Captured escapees had to work to pay off fines Not much different from slavery
More Black Codes Emancipation and marriage recognized But blacks effectively could not
Vote or serve on jury Rent or lease land
Idleness” punished by work on chain gang Even after repeal of codes, most ended up
as poor sharecroppers, in virtual slavery
Post-War Congress Pardoned and elected, many Confederate
leaders returned to Congress in Dec 1865 Locked out by Republicans
Legislation passed under Republican-dominated Congress had included Morrill Tariff Pacific Railroad Act Homestead Act
Who had won? Republicans feared
Increased power of Democrats—now had more representatives with blacks fully counted in population
Possible undermining of Republican legislation and extension of Black Codes if northern and southern Democrats united
Johnson announced that the rebel states had rejoined the Union—who had won?
14th Amendment Congress undermined Johnson by passing
the Civil Rights Bill over his veto Turned Bill into possible 14th Amendment
Had to be ratified by the states Johnson advised South to reject (all but Tenn. did) Johnson’s “swing ‘round the circle” backfired for
1866 Congressional elections Republican-dominated Congress outvotes veto
Provisions of the 14th Amendment Conferred civil rights and citizenship on
freedmen, but not right to vote Reduced proportion of representation in
Congress and Electoral College if blacks not allowed to vote
Disqualified former Confederates who had once sworn allegiance to Constitution
Guaranteed federal debt, while repudiating Confederate debts
Moderates vs. Radicals Republican radicals wanted to keep south
out of govt as long as possible Led by Charles Sumner (Senate) and Thaddeus
Stevens (House)
Republican moderates wanted more rapid assimilation To allow some states’ rights and less federal
involvement in peoples’ lives
Another Compromise Reconstruction Act, March 2, 1867
South divided into 5 military districts commanded by Union generals (with 20,000 soldiers)
10,000s of Confederates temporarily lost right to vote
To be readmitted southern states had to ratify 14th Amendment, including the black male vote
No federal money promised to freedmen, wanted to remove federal govt from that responsibility
15th Amendment Specifically calls for enfranchisement of all
black men Radical Republicans afraid it would not be
achieved with 14th Amendment alone Ratified in 1870 Northern black men also finally received the right
to vote (had been like white women, citizens without voting rights).
Military Reconstruction Congress took over some functions of
executive office with military regime in the South
Supreme Court did not question Congressional actions, despite military tribunals of civilians, military rule during peacetime, etc.
As constitutionally questionable as many of Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War
Unchanged in the End After all federal troops were removed in
1877, southern states quickly returned to Democratic status quo
Women did not receive full rights of citizenship or the vote under either the 14th or 15th Amendments
After Reconstruction African-Americans now organized politically
for the first time Union League, network of political clubs Black men at state constitutional conventions, in
state govt, and in US Congress Hiram Revels, Blanche Bruce
New legislation: public schools, tax systems improved, public works, etc.
“Carpetbaggers”
Northerners thought to be taking advantage of Southern vulnerability for quick profit
Many came down to help in modernizing South Much real corruption in both North & South Ku Klux Klan (founded in 1866)
To intimidate blacks and carpetbaggers Force Acts of 1870 & 1871 to counteract 14th & 15th Amendments effectively ignored
Johnson’s Impeachment Radicals determined to get rid of
obstructionist Johnson Passed Tenure of Office Act
Required president to get Senate’s consent to remove an office-holder once the Senate had approved him (“spy” in Cabinet)
Johnson dismissed “spy” Stanton anyway House then charged Johnson with high crimes…
Senate barely rejected Johnson’s removal
“Seward’s Folly”
Alaska no longer of economic benefit to Russia
Wanted to sell to US, not their enemy Britain Secretary of State Seward purchased Alaska
in a treaty for $7.2 million Why did we buy it?
Russia friendly to north during Civil War possibilities of fur and gold (later, yes!)