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Open Educational Resources:History and Future Potential

by Stian HåklevUniversity of Manitoba, Open Access Week 2013

Creative Commons BY 3.0

Open  Educational  Resources

2Open  Learning  Process

RESOURCES

3

Accidental  OER

OpenLib  frontpage

sanskrit  primer

6

sanskrit  uoft

7

youtube  main

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soc  images

9

Curation

Intentional  OER

Dimensions

gratis  /  libre  (or  free  as  in  speech,  free  as  in  beer)

accidental  /  intentional

defined-­‐author  /  peer-­‐authored

purpose:  direct  use,  reuse,  transparency

ocwc  members

12

saudi  arab  ocw

13

saudi  arabia  textbook

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uwc  pub  health

15

israel  ocw

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nptel  youtube

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IIT  Youtube

egyankosh  yt

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egyan  tsp  list

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egyan  tsp  course

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egyan  book

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Esst  main

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ind  textbook  main

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ind  textb  content

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bs-­‐e  main

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4747

4949

wikieducator

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wikiversity  main

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So  why  did  it  spread  to  certain  countries,  and  not  to  others?

What  kind  of  a  “thing”  is  OCW?

CC  BY  allygirl520  @  flickr

OCW  as  a  norm

6

free  software

6

http://fusionanomaly.net/informationwantstobefree.html

PD  English  Wikipedia

How  can  we  analyze  the  spread  of  a  norm?

Finnemore  &  Sikkink:  the  life-­‐cycle  of  norms

Women’s  suffrage,  land-­‐mine  ban

Realist  vs.  constructivist  view  of  international  system

Norm  entrepreneurs

Organizational  platform

Forming  vocabulary,  change  in  identity  and  motivation

Tipping  point:  1/3  of  all  participants  (states)?

Institutionalization

OCW  as  an  policy  innovation

CC  BY  txd  @  flickr

March 15, 2010 Open Sharing, Global Benefits

Universities working together to advance education andempower people worldwide through opencourseware.

39

Connecting with Your University’s Goals—Recruitment

• A 2005 Poll showed that 50% of incoming MIT students were aware of MIT OCW.• 35% of those students based their choice of MIT at least in part on their experience of MIT OCW• By mid-October of their first year, 95% of those students had visited the OCW site.

OCW Consortium Toolkit http://www.ocwconsortium.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=33&Itemid=

March 15, 2010 Open Sharing, Global Benefits

Universities working together to advance education andempower people worldwide through opencourseware.

40

Connecting with Your University’s Goals—Recruitment

• Builds a prior academic relationship with bright, motivated students, their families, their teachers and their advisors

• Showcases key departments, faculty and courses

March 15, 2010 Open Sharing, Global Benefits

Universities working together to advance education andempower people worldwide through opencourseware.

41

Connecting with Your University’s Goals—Reputation

An OCW site can showcase areas of excellence in our university, such as name specific programs. Heightened awareness of these programs not only will attract talented students and faculty to our school but also will increase the visibility of our faculty within their disciplines.

March 15, 2010 Open Sharing, Global Benefits

Universities working together to advance education andempower people worldwide through opencourseware.

42

Connecting with Your University’s Goals—Retention

An OCW site provides students with the potential for self-paced review of study materials before, during and after taking a course. Such review greatly increases a student’s chances of success in both that course and subsequent courses which build upon its teachings.

March 15, 2010 Open Sharing, Global Benefits

Universities working together to advance education andempower people worldwide through opencourseware.

43

Connecting with Your University’s Goals—Advising

The ability to view OCW materials prior to enrollment allows students to make more informed choices about which courses and majors are right for them.

Likewise, advisors will be able to base their recommendations on concrete information about courses, their requirements and their benefits.

How  can  we  analyze  the  spread  of  a  policy  innovation?

David  Phillips:  policy  attraction

more  likely  to  borrow  in  time  of  upheaval,  change  or  great  crisis

Mintrom  &  Vergari:  policy  networks

investigating  policy  on  school  choice  in  US  states  -­‐  what  causes  similarity?  closeness  of  states,  or  similar  attributes?  no,  attending  the  same  conferences!

The  role  of  MIT,  and  MIT’s  faculty,  international  conferences,organizations  (OCW  Consortium,  CCLearn/CC,  UNESCO  IIEP)

If we don’t know what the purpose of an OER is, we won’t know what to consider when designing, we can’t begin to evaluate

the quality, or measure the success

Purposes of OER

Three purposes/uses

Direct use

Reuse/remix

Transparency

Production

Four

生产过程

Production

OCW  in  East  Asia

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ou  chiaotung

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chiatung  course

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ou  korea

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keio  ocw

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Features  of  the  Chinese  OER  project

selective  and  competitive

three  levels  (campus,  province,  national)

teaching  teams

both  content  and  method

financial  support,  requirement  to  make  course  available  online  for  five  years

three  kinds:  undergraduate,  vocational,  and  online  courses

Purposes

induce  full  professors  to  teach  undergraduate  courses

encourage  professors  to  use  more  technology  in  their  teaching  

encourage  formation  of  teaching  teams,  rethinking  of  course  materialand  teaching  methods

courses  function  as  “models”  for  other  professors

(course  material  used  directly  by  students?)

jingpinke  main

58

直接用

Direct use

OLI  CMU  mainpage

重复利用

Remix/reuse

CNX  mainpage

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a  story  enabled  by  openness

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Pillar    of  openness

Open  licenseOpen  file  formatsSemantic  file  formatsOpen  APIsOpen  metadataAbility  to  bulk-­‐download

s

参考/透明

Transparency

Open  Educational  Videos  around  the  world

Multilingual and multicultural Open Educational Resources

5656

“Are we allowed to do that?”

Perspectives on bilingualism

Bilingualism as ...

problem

right

resource

Student as...

user

6060

6161

n=250

Student as...

user

producer

6363

89

6565

Two (+1) historic trends in technology and education

• intelligent/adaptive tutor systems (behaviouralist?)

• systems supporting collaborative work (constructivist?)

• content and communications

Intelligent tutors

http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Intelligent_tutoring_system

• Artificial Intelligence

• Data mining

• Expert/Knowledge systems

OLI  CMU  mainpage

96

http://www.educationaldatamining.org/

Computers enhancing human work with ideas, and collaboration

http://focs.wordpress.com/2007/09/05/the-most-important-problem-in-computer-science/

• Computer-Supported Collaborative Work

• Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning

• Human-Computer Interaction

OpenLib  frontpage

101

http://www.blogiseverything.com/download/web-­‐20-­‐logo-­‐fonts/

Different  meanings  of  open

102

Site-specific information-centric communities

Long-term distributed topic-based communities

http://sarah-stewart.blogspot.ca/2011/11/my-ple-2011.html

Personal Learning Environment/Network (PLE/PLN)

Open courses

intro  open  ed  I

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Text

“Wiley  wikis”

connnectivism  cour

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118

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New  developments

Coursera  -­‐  big  commercial  “elite”  providerEdX  -­‐  open  source  platform  (China,  France,  Google,  Stanford)many  others

*OOCs

Accreditation?

Flipped  classrooms

Analytics,  Gates  funding  research,  pretty  graphs

In  many  ways  a  step  back,  hopefully  strategic  retreat  -­‐  massive  exposure

thenewinquiry.com

Thank you!

shaklev@gmail.comhttp://reganmian.net/blog

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