Notes of s.st. class vii

2016

FG PUBLIC SCHOOL NO. 2 (BOYS), TARIQ ROAD, SIALKOT CANTT Asif Ali Raza, TGT

[GEOGRAPHY] This document contains brief and concise solution of the exercises of the text books of grade VII

CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL STATE OF THE EARTH LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Explain the composition of Earth’s interior.

ANS. The internal part of Earth is divided into three important parts as under:

I. CRUST

The surface of Earth consists of water and dry land. Its thickness is not

uniform. The upper most and less thick sphere of Earth is known Crust. Its

thickness is 40km.

II. MANTLE

Mantle is below the crust. It consists of two layers. Upper mantle is 670km

thick. Lower mantle is 2230km thick.

III. CORE

The sphere present under mantle is called core. It consists of two parts i.e.

external and internal core. External is liquid in form and consists of mostly

of molten rocks. Its thickness is 2250km. Internal part is known as ‘Nife’

and its thickness is 1220km.

Q.NO.2. Describe the types of faults.

ANS. Following are the types of faults:

I. NORMAL FAULT

In normal fault, parts of the crust move in opposite direction. Due to the

removal of upper layers, lava comes out.

II. TRANSFORM FAULT

When pieces of plates move forward and backward, they rub against each

other.

III. REVERSE FAULT

Reverse fault occurs when plates move toward each other. In this fault,

mountains are formed.

Q.NO.3. Discuss the effects of earthquakes.

ANS. Effects of earthquakes are as under:

I. Buildings are destroyed.

II. People are injured or expired.

III. Source of irrigation is affected.

IV. System of electricity is disturbed.

V. Hurdle occurs in rescue.

VI. Threats of flood increases.

Q.NO.4. Discuss the instruments used to measure earthquakes.

ANS. The instrument used to measure the intensity of earthquakes is known as

seismograph. The intensity of earthquake is measured by a scale called

Richter Scale. Its measurement is from 0 to 9.

Q.NO.5. Analyze volcanism and its effects.

ANS. I. Volcanoes keep on growing by the depostion of lava layers and

repeated volcanism.

II. Matter coming out of volcanoes cause pollution.

III. High temperature melts almost everything around it.

Q.NO.6. Explain the types of volcanoes and their distribution.

ANS. Volcanoes are of three types as under:

I. ACTIVE VOLCANOES

The volcanoes in which the volcanism continues are known as active

volcanoes.

II. DORMANT VOLCANOES

A long period has gone since the eruption of lava from dormant volcanoes

but volcanism can occur anytime. This type is very dangerous.

III. EXTICNT VOLCANOES

In this type, eruption of lava has stopped and there are no chances of

eruption in future.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Give two reasons of earthquakes.

ANS. I. Movement of plates.

II. volcanism

Q.NO.2. Write down the names of internal parts of Earth.

ANS. I. Crust

II. Mantle

III. Core

Q.NO.3. Write down the names of big plates of Earth.

ANS. I. Pacific Plate

II. North American Plate

III. South American plate

IV. Eurasian Plate

V. African Plate

VI. Australian Plate

VII. Antarctica Plate

Q.NO.4. What is volcanism?

ANS. The eruption of a hot semi-solid matter from the surface of Earth is known

as volcanism.

Q.NO.5. What is the meaning of “Ring of Fire”?

ANS. Coastal areas of Pacific Ocean are formed due to volcanism. This is called

ring of fire.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) The thickness of the external core of Earth is:

A 1250KM B 1950KM C 2050KM D 2250KM

2) The 70% of volcanoes are found on/in:

A Bed of sea B Rivers C Dry land D mountains 3) The thickness of upper mantle is:

A 570km B 670km C 770km D 870km 4) In 1985,volcanoism took place in Andes Mountain’s (Columbia) and the loss

of lives was about……………thousand:

A 20 B 30 C 40 D 50 5) The instrument to measure the intensity of earthquake is:

A Barometer B Hygrometer C Thermometer D Seismograph

CHAPTER 2: DENUDATION LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Write note on the types of denudation.

ANS. Types of denudation are as under:

I. WEATHERING

It is a process in which rocks are broken down into small pieces. This process

directly and indirectly depends upon weather conditions.

II. EROSION

The thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as erosion. This process

is mostly done by rivers, glaciers, winds and coastal waves.

III. MASS WASTING

Due to gravitational force of Earth, the rocks stuff travels along the slopes

towards the lower areas. It is known as mass wasting.

Q.NO.2. Give reasons for the breakage of rocks.

ANS. Reasons of breakage of rocks are as under:

I. When water enters the minerals of rocks a chemical reaction takes place, known

as hydrolysis.

II. The rocks which have iron element are destroyed through process of oxidation.

III. The features of Earth surface are cut through erosion process.

IV. The rock stuff moves downward due to gravitational force. It is known as mass

wasting.

V. The sudden fall of rock material from high to low position is known as land

sliding.

Q.NO.3. Explain the types of weathering.

ANS. Types of weathering are as under:

I. PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL WEATHERING

Physical weathering mostly occurs in cold and dry areas. In dry and hot

desert areas, temperature increases prominently at day time and decreases

at nights.

II. CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Rocks are composed of minerals. Chemical changes occur in these minerals

when they interact with water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

III. ORGANIC OR BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING

When the roots of trees and bushes reach the cracks and joints of rocks,

rocks face unbearable force by their growth. As a result, rocks breakdown into

small fragments.

Q.NO.4. Write down the reasons for erosion process.

ANS. Reasons are as under:

I. Erosion process mostly is done by rivers, glaciers, winds and coastal waves.

II. Erosion starts with weathering.

III. The upper part of surface separates from the lower surface.

IV. This debris is washed away by glacier etc.

V. Mass wasting is also cause of this.

Q.NO.5. What are the impacts of erosion process and mass wasting on

agriculture, irrigation, human settlement and transportation.

ANS. Impacts are as under:

I. The irrigation system consists of unpaved canals and small streams which faces

continuous erosion due to water. The fertile part of land faces gradual erosion as

well.

II. The crop yield reduces.

III. Huge amount of soil piles up in beds of canals which causes storage of water

decrease.

IV. Due to flow of soil and mud and land sliding in hilly area, there is usually a loss of

lives and economy.

Q.NO.6. Suggest the ways to minimize the impacts of erosion and mass wasting.

ANS. By following certain precautions, impact of erosion can be minimized:

I. Plant trees on the banks of canals etc.

II. Water should be irrigated to leveled soils.

III. Stop deforestation.

IV. Retaining walls should be constructed along hilly roads.

V. Dangerous slopes should be abolished.

VI. Huge building construction should be banned in hilly area.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Define denudation.

ANS. Destruction of Earth’s upper surface in known as denudation.

Q.NO.2. What is the meaning of weathering?

ANS. Weathering is a process in which rocks are broken down into small pieces.

Q.NO.3. Define erosion process.

ANS. The thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as erosion process.

Q.NO.4. What is the meaning of mass wasting?

ANS. The rock stuff moves downward due to gravitational force. It is known as mass

wasting.

Q.NO.5. Differentiate among weathering, erosion process and mass wasting.

ANS. Weathering is a process in which rocks are broken down into small pieces. The

rock stuff moves downward due to gravitational force. It is known as mass wasting. The

thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as erosion process.


1) Important in soil creep:

A Frost B Snow C Sun blazing D water 2) After destruction by weathering, the rocks:

A Don’t transfer from one place to another

B Transfer from one place to another

C Disappear D rise

3) Which action is mostly performed by rivers, glaciers and coastal waves?

A Erosion B Mass wasting C Biological wasting

D Physical weathering

4) Types of denudation:

A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 5) Making artificial things through chemical process:

A Reduces air pollution

B Provides water for irrigation

C Creates air pollution

D Increases agricultural production

CHAPTER 3: INRTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERE LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Explain the importance of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen.

ANS. Carbon dioxide is necessary for life. This gas interacts with other gases and

makes carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are necessary for life of plants and

animals. Carbon dioxide absorbs heat and moderates the temperature.

Q.NO.2. Explain the composition of atmosphere.

ANS. Atmosphere is surrounding our earth from all sides in the form of cover. Due to

gravitational force of earth, atmosphere is attached to earth from all sides. The life on

our planet is due to this atmosphere. Atmosphere is composed of three basic elements,

i.e. 1) Regular gases, 2) variable gases, 3) pollutants. These are found in the lowest

part of atmosphere.

Q.NO.3. Discuss in detail the layers of atmosphere.

ANS. On the basis of temperature, atmosphere is divided into following layers:

I. Troposphere: the layer near the surface of earth is troposphere. It is

very necessary for all kinds of living things on earth. All activities on earth are

due to it. All climatic changes appear in this layer.

II. Stratosphere: this layer is present above the troposphere. In this layer, the

temperature rises with height instead of decreasing. At its boundary, temperature

reaches about 0 degree centigrade. Huge amount of ozone gas is present here.

III. Mesosphere: this layer is present above stratosphere. In this portion,

temperature again decreases with height.

Q.NO.4. Discuss in detail the change in climate on the Earth surface.

ANS. The atmosphere of earth changes due to the activities of human beings. Humans

make roads, buildings and dams etc. to fulfill their needs. In 2009, an international

conference was held in Copenhagen on the issue of climate changes. Many decisions

were taken including; increase in CO2 and other dangerous gases and material should

be checked and minimized.

Q.NO.5. Describe the importance of Ozone layer.

ANS. One of the atmospheric gases is ozone. Ozone is produced and destroyed

naturally. It is present in the upper portion of atmosphere. It absorbs ultraviolet rays and

sends other sunrays to earth after filtration. In this way, life is protected from ultraviolet

rays.

Q.NO.6. Suggest the measures to control reduction of Ozone.

ANS. Use other gases in place CFCs. For example, HCFC gas is used which is mixture

of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine gases. This gas is less injurious as compared

to CFCs. Let it be hoped that we will save ozone layer till the middle of this century.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. What is atmosphere?

ANS. Atmosphere is surrounding our earth from all sides in the form of cover. Due to

gravitational force of earth.

Q.NO.2. Explain the difference between weather and climate.

ANS. The whole conditions of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, air

humidity and precipitation of a particular place at a specific time is weather, while

climate is the average weather conditions of a particular place for a long time.

Q.NO.3. What is mesosphere?

ANS. This layer is present above stratosphere. In this portion, temperature again

decreases with height.

Q.NO.4. Write down the two reasons for reduction in ozone.

ANS. Use other gases in place CFCs. For example, HCFC gas is used which is mixture

of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine gases. This gas is less injurious as compared

to CFCs. Let it be hoped that we will save ozone layer till the middle of this century.


1) The layer of atmosphere near Earth is known as:

A Mesosphere B Stratosphere C Thermosphere D Troposphere 2) What is the distance of atmosphere from the surface of sea?

A 60000km B 70000km C 80000km D 90000km 3) Which gas is used for cooling in refrigerator?

A Oxygen B Nitrogen C Carbon Dioxide

D CFC

4) The main ingredients for atmosphere are:

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 5) What is temperature of air at the boundary of mesosphere?

A 900C B 1000C C 1500C D 2000C

CHAPTER 4: ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Explain the horizontal distribution of temperature.

ANS. Equatorial region remains hot throughout the year and average temperature is

32oC. On the contrary arctic regions remain very cold and temperature remains below

freezing point. Such unequal distribution is called horizontal distribution of temperature.

In this, temperature is divided into three zones.

I. TROPICAL ZONE: it is a hot region which extends on both sides of

equator.

II. TEMPERATURE ZONE: temperature zone extends from the tropic of

cancer to mid of of Arctic Circle.

III. TORRID ZONE: in northern hemisphere, Frigid Zone extends between

Arctic Circle and North Pole. In southern hemisphere, it extends between

Antarctic Circle and South Pole.

Q.NO.2. Explain the vertical distribution of temperature.

ANS. Earth heats the lower portion of atmosphere. Then this heat reaches the upper

portion of atmosphere. It proves why the lower atmosphere is hotter and as we move

upwards temperature keeps on falling. This is known as vertical distribution of

temperature.

Q.NO.3. Elaborate factors which change temperature.

ANS. Surface of earth is not uniform. Somewhere there is water and somewhere there

is dry land. The dry places become hot and cold more rapidly than the wet places. So

the continents become hot during summer and cold during winter. Sun rays heat earth

surface without heating atmosphere. Earth sends this heat back to atmosphere. As this

heat is transferred from lower side, the lower portion of atmosphere becomes hotter and

lower portion gets colder.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Define temperature.

ANS. The degree of hotness and coldness of a particular place is known as

temperature.

Q.NO.2. Give names of instruments and scales to measure temperature.

ANS. I) Celsius Scale, II) Fahrenheit Scale

Q.NO.3. What is the meaning of Isotherm.?

ANS. Isotherms help to mention the horizontal distribution of temperature.


1) What indicates the horizontal distribution of temperature?

A Isotherm B Latitude C Longitude D equator 2) On heating, the matter:

A expands B Contracts C Increases D decreases 3) After every thousand meters, average……….oC temperature decreases

about:

A 4.5 B 5.5 C 6.5 D 7.5 4) The ratio of dryness on the surface of Earth is:

A 29% B 66% C 33% D 28% 5) What is the atmosphere of Fridged Zone?

A Hot B Moderate C Less cold D Too much cold

CHAPTER 5: ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE & CIRCULATION LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1.Explain the air pressure belts on Earth.

ANS. There are four air pressure belts are as under:

I. Equatorial Belt of Low Pressure: this is a belt of low air pressure. It is

formed due to heat at about 5o north and south of equator. This belt has summer

throughout the year.

II. Sub-Tropical Belts of High Pressure: These belts have high air pressure. One

of them extends in mid southern hemisphere about 35o latitude and other about

30o latitude in mid northern hemisphere.

III. Sub-Polar Belts of Low Pressure: When cold air strikes with humid air, the

air moves upward. Due to this, sub-polar belts of low press are formed.

IV. Polar Belts of High Pressure: These belts are on both sides in Polar

Regions. Temperature remains below freezing point all the year. So belts of high

pressure are formed which are known as polar belts of high pressure.

Q.NO.2. Explain the types of cyclone.

ANS. The whirlpools formed due to low air pressure are known as cyclone. Types are

as under:

I. Tropical Cyclone: Tropical cyclones are formed on oceans. These are mostly

formed between 8-15 degrees latitude in North and South of equator.

II. Temperature Cyclone: Temperature cyclone flows from north to south in 40-

70 degree latitude. They occasionally cover large area. They blow among

western winds.

III. Tornadoes: Tornado is a small cyclone whose central part consists of a small

area. In this central part, winds flow very fast.

Q.NO.3. Explain the difference between temperature and air pressure.

ANS. The temperature and air pressure are related. The areas where air pressure is

low have high temperature and vice versa. Air spreads and becomes light on heating.

Air pressure descends when air becomes light in weight. On the other hand, when air is

cooled it contracts and becomes heavy. Air pressure increases when air becomes

heavy.

Q.NO.4. Explain the wind system.

ANS. Air always travels from area of high pressure to low pressure along the surface of

earth. Types are explained in the following lines.

I. Permanent Winds: The winds which blow between the belts of air pressure in

the same direction throughout the year are known as permanent winds.

a. Eastern Winds: These winds blow from sub-tropical regions towards

equators.

b. Western Winds: these winds travel from sub-tropical belts of high

pressure to sub-polar belts of low pressure.

c. Polar Winds: Third type winds travel from the polar belts of high pressure

to sub-polar low pressure.

II. Seasonal Winds: the winds which change their direction with season are known

as seasonal winds. In geographical terms, monsoon winds are the winds which

travel from sea to dry area during six months of summer and from dry to sea

during six months of winter.

III. Local Winds: Local winds are specific and limited. Land breeze, sea breeze,

valley breeze and mountain breeze are important local winds.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Define cyclone.

ANS. The whirlpools formed due to low air pressure are known as cyclone.

Q.NO.2. What do you mean by Tornado?

ANS.n Tornado is a small cyclone whose central part consists of a small area.

Q.NO.3. What is meaning of air pressure?

ANS. Air pressure is important for the study of weather and climate. Like every matter,

air has weight. This weight of air is called air pressure.


1) A small cyclone is known as:

A Tropical B Tornado C Temperature D typhon 2) The air belts are:

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

3) Tropical cyclones are originated in:

A Sea B Lakes C Dry area D Mountains 4) In Pakistan, the summer rainfall is due to:

A Intense sun rays

B Cold winds C Wind storms D Monsoon winds

5) At some place instead of moving along Earth surface, air moves vertically

upwards. In is known as:

A Density B Heat C Current D Mass

CHAPTER 6: ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY & PRECIPITATION LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Write down detailed note on types of precipitation.

ANS. The fall of water drops on the surface of earth in liquid or solid form is known as

precipitation. Types of it are as follows:

I. Rainfall: when air moves up from the earth surface in the form of water vapors,

the water vapors gather in the form of clouds. These drops get bigger and fall in

the form of rain.

a. Orographic Rainfall: The rain which is because of mountains is known as

orographic rainfall.

b. Conventional Rainfall: The rain due to conventional currents is known as

conventional rainfall.

c. Cyclonic Rainfall: when air travels from the areas of high pressure to the

areas of low pressure then due to the intermingling of hot and cold wind a

cyclone is created. Then it causes rain which is cyclonic rainfall.

II. Snowfall: Sometimes, humid air reaches the point in atmosphere where the

temperature is even below freezing point. They fly in air and eventually fall on the

Earth.

III. Hailing: Air takes the water vapors to such cold areas in atmosphere where

temperature is below freezing point. Here, water vapors freeze and form hail.

IV. Sleet: The combination of rainfall and snow fall is called sleet.

Q.NO.2. Explain the importance of precipitation.

ANS. Importance is given in the following points.

I. Precipitation is the source of fresh water.

II. Water is important component of humans and animals etc.

III. The life of plants is at the verge, if they are not watered.

IV. Survival is impossible with water.

V. Water acts as a backbone in the field of agriculture.

Q.NO.3. Explain the types of clouds.

ANS. Clouds are divided into four types.

I. Low Level Clouds: Low level clouds are found about 2000 meters above sea

level.

II. Mid Level Clouds: Mid level clouds are formed at about 2000-3000 meters

above sea level.

III. High Level Clouds: These clouds are formed at 6000meters of sea level.

IV. Vertically Developed Clouds: They tend to expand toward height.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Define precipitation.

ANS. The fall of water drops on the surface of earth in liquid or solid form is known as

precipitation.

Q.NO.2. What is the meaning of Humidity?

ANS. The presence of water in atmosphere is called as humidity.

Q.NO.3. Give reasons for snowfall.

ANS. Sometimes, humid air reaches the point in atmosphere where the temperature is

even below freezing point. They fly in air and eventually fall on the Earth.


1) The height of Stratus from the surface of Earth is:

A 1000m B 2000m C 6000m D 12000m 2) The lines joining the points having equal quantity of precipitation are:

A Longitude B Latitude C Isobars D Isohytes 3) Precipitation provides:

A Snow B Clouds C Deserts D Fresh water reservoir

4) Orographic Rainfall is on:

A Mountains B Rivers C Deserts D Sea 5) The instrument to measure rain is:

A Anemometer B Barometer C Rain guage D galvanometer

CHAPTER 7: AGRICULTURE LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Explain why agriculture is important?

ANS. Cultivation of crops and farming of cattle is called agriculture, or husbandry. Most

of the world population is linked with it directly or indirectly. Agriculture sector provides a

major raw material to industries of the world. Its importance is described with the

following sectors:

I. Source of income

II. Source of food

III. Main source of National Income

IV. Source of Foreign Exchange Earning

V. Supply of Raw Material

VI. Maintenance of Balance of Payment

Q.NO.2. Describe different types of agriculture.

ANS. Types of agriculture are as under:

I. Subsistence Agriculture: it is self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus

on growing enough food crops to feed themselves and their families.

II. Intensive Agriculture: in this type of agriculture, better production is obtained

from a small area by using good fertilizers, water and pesticides.

III. Extensive: this type of agriculture is practiced in the countries where agricultural

land is in abundant.

IV. Commercial Agriculture: it is for commercial purpose.

V. Plantation Agriculture: Crops grown on plantation include sugarcane, banana,

coconut etc.

VI. Truck Farming:Perishable fruits and vegetables are brought to the market in

truck, this is truck farming.

VII. Mixed Farming: in this, crop growing and cattle breeding is done

simultaneously.

VIII. Cereal crops: this is done to meet local needs.

Q.NO.3. Describe irrigated agriculture, rain-shed agriculture and mountainous

agriculture.

ANS. Types are as under:

I. Irrigated Agriculture: Cultivation of cropjs by using irrigation system is called

irrigated agriculture.

II. Rain-shed Agriculture: in the areas where underground water is not suitable for

cultivation and canals water cannot reach, agriculture is mainly dependant on

rain water.

III. Mountainous Agriculture: Stepped fields are formed by cutting hill slopes to

cultivate crops.

Q.NO.4. Analyze the distribution of major crops in Pakistan.

ANS. Major Crops of Pakistan:

I. Rice: Rice is an important kharif crop in Pakistan. Hot humid climate, abundant

rains and rich soft soil is best for this.

II. Wheat: wheat is the most important Rabi crop of Pakistan. Leveled soil is

necessary for it so that watering may be easy.

III. Maize: Maize is used for food and animal fodder. It is an important crop of kharif.

IV. Cotton: Pakistan produces 5% of the world’s total cotton. Land with good

drainage facilities is the most suitable for its cultivation.

V. Sugarcane: sugarcane is another cash crop of Pakistan. Dry weather and winter

is unfavorable for this crop,

Q.NO.5. Point out the main agricultural problems in Pakistan.

ANS. Problems of Agriculture in Pakistan:

I. Cultivators are in financial troubles.

II. Natural disasters are a source of considerable disturbance for cultivators.

III. A large part of our farmland has turned uncultivable because of salinity.

IV. Poor means of transportation causes production bring to market.

V. Our irrigation resources are insufficient.

Q.NO.6.Describe the problems of means of irrigation.

ANS. Problems of Means of Irrigation:

I. A great amount of water is absorbed because of unpaved watercourses.

II. No arrangement of storing water

III. Because of silt in unpaved watercourses and delay is silt clearing, water cannot

reach the tail ends.

IV. Level of underground water is dropping down.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. What is meant by agriculture?

ANS. Cultivation of crops and farming of cattle is called agriculture, or husbandry.

Q.NO.2. Describe Karez and spring.

ANS. Underground watercourses are dug which are called Karez. Spring is natural

source where water flows to the surface of the earth from underground.

Q.NO.3. Name important crops of Pakistan.

ANS. Cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize are important crops of Pakistan.

Q.NO.4. List means of irrigation.

ANS. List of Means of Irrigation:

I. Spring

II. Wells

III. Karez

IV. Tube well

V. Canals


1) Pakistan produces percent of total world cotton:

A 2% B 3% C 4% D 5% 2) Which crop is used for food and animal fodder purposes?

A Wheat B Maize C Tobacco D Cotton 3) Crops are grown in stepped fields in:

A Plains B Mountain slopes

C Desert area D Coastal area

4) In which province of Pakistan Karez are used for irrigation?

A KPK B Sindh C Punjab D Balochistan 5) A natural source from which water flows to the surface of the Earth from

underground is called?

A Tube-well B Karez C Spring D Well

CHAPTER 8: MINING AND POWER LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Mention ten minerals and their use, also point out where the reserves of

those minerals are located.

ANS.

I. OIL: Mineral oil and its products have gained dominating economic importance.

They found in Dhallian, Khor, Balksar in Pakistan.

II. Natural Gas: is a cheap source of energy. It is found in Sibbi, Baluchistan, Uch,

Zan, Khairpur.

III. Copper: Copper is used for electricity. Reserves of copper are found in

Balochistan.

IV. Coal: Coal is used for thermal power production. It is found in Khost, Sharag,

Digari, Sherin, Aab.

V. Iron Ore: its reserves are in Kalabagh, Domal, Nisar, Langrial.

VI. Rock Salt: it is used in chemical industry. It is found in Khewra, Kalabagh,

Warcha.

VII. Chromite: It is used in steel mill. It is found in 25 places in Pakistan.

VIII. Gypsum: it is used as a raw material in phosphate fertilizer. It is found in

Daudkhel, Qadirabad, Rohri and Kohat.

IX. Lime Stone: it is used in glass, soap, steel and bleeching powder. It is found in

Daudkhel, Wah,Rohri, Hyderabad, Sibbi.

X. Marble: it is used for surfacing floors etc. it is found in Chagi, Hazara, Gilgit.

Q.NO.2. Point out necessary conditions for mining.

ANS. To get an access to mineral treasures and mining industry, it is necessary to get

the services of mining experts. Miner should be well trained and best means of transport

should be available to send these mineral to industries. Modern machinery is also

needed. Moreover, financial resources are also needed.

Q.NO.3. Explain the role of minerals and power in the economy of a country.

ANS. In present industrial age, minerals have an essential role in the industrial and

economic development of a country. They are important for economic development and

affluent society. What is important is to take full advantage of them to steer the national

economy towards opulence.

Q.NO.4. Describe the different types of mining.

ANS. Types of Mining:

I. Hand-Panning Mining: Sometimes, precious metal deposits like gold etc are

found in alluvial deposits. When deposits are dried up, they are collected in a

pan.

II. Shaft Tunnel Mining: It is a method of extracting mineral from great depth.

III. Adit Tunnel Mining: In this method, horizontal passages or tunnels are dug

between slops in hilly areas.

IV. Open Pit Mining: This method is used for minerals which are found near the

surface of earth.

V. Drilling Mining: this is a method of extracting the minerals from deeper layers by

drilling a hole.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Write the names of five non-metal minerals.

ANS. 1) Iron Ore, 2) Rock Salt, 3) Gypsum, 4) Marble, 5) Chromite

Q.NO.2. How wind-electricity is generated?

ANS. Use of wind for power generation is called wind electric power. Windmill consists

of three or four blade fans fixed on high poles, these fans are called turbines. Wind

moves these fans and their energy is converted to electric power.

Q.NO.3. Define mining.

ANS. Extraction of valuable minerals and other materials from the earth is called

mining.


1) First atomic plant of Pakistan was installed at:

A Chashma B Lahore C Islamabad D Karachi 2) Reserves of which mineral in Pakistan are approximately more than 185

million ton?

A Coal B Salt C Gypsum D iron 3) Extraction of valuable minerals and other materials from the earth is called?

A Mining B Earth crust C Agriculture D Geography 4) Biggest natural gas reserves in Pakistan are located in the province of?

A KPK B Sindh C Balochistan D Punjab 5) In Pakistan, oil and gas development corporation limited was established in:

A 1965 B 1971 C 1973 D 1975

CHAPTER 9: INDUSTRY LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Describe the factors for locating an industry.

ANS. Industry is a place where investors provide different raw materials and natural

resources to produce different items. To promote the industry of a country man power

and capital is required. Moreover, following factors also affect it.

I. Raw material

II. Manpower

III. Capital

IV. Energy

V. Means of Transportation and Communication

VI. Market

VII. Government policies

Q.NO.2. Describe the textiles, sugar, cement and automobile industries of

Pakistan.

ANS. Different Industries:

I. Textile Industry: Textile industry is playing most important role in the economy

of Pakistan. This is the largest industry of Pakistan. This industry has big share in

Pakistan’s exports.

II. Sugar Industry: at the time of independence, Pakistan had two sugar mills. Now

its number has increased to 79.

III. Cement Industry: Limestone and gypsum are necessary for cement industry.

Reserves of these raw materials are abundant in Pakistan.

IV. Automobile Industry: In this sector may big units are engaged in the production

of vehicles.

Q.NO.3. Point out the problems of industry.

ANS. Problems are as under:

I. Cost of production is too high in Pakistan.

II. Because of low income levels in Pakistan, savings are too low. Resultantly,

adequate capital is not available which is essential for any industry.

III. Shortage of skilled labour in our country is a problem.

IV. Export based industry is less profitable now.

V. Shortage of electricity.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Define industry.

ANS. Industry is a place where investor provides different raw material and natural

resources to produce different items.

Q.NO.2. Name five heavy industries.

ANS. 1)Textile, 2) Sugar, 3) Cement, 4) Automobile, 5) Electrical Goods

Q.NO.3. Name ten cottage industries of Pakistan.

ANS. 1) furniture, 2) dairy, 3) farming. 4) honey, 5) carpet, 6) sports, 7) printing, 8)

marble articles, 9) chemical, 10) shoe making


1) At the time of independence, there were sugar mills in Pakistan.

A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 2) Which industry has the biggest share in Pakistan’s exports.

A Automobiles B Sugar C Textile D Cement 3) Important centre of textiles in Pakistan are:

A Lahore B Faisalabad C Islamabad D Peshawar 4) Which is necessary for cement industry?

A Chromite and Sulphur

B Fireclay and Iron

C Limestone and Gypsum

D Rock Salt and China Clay

5) According to 2011-12 statistics, total number of sugar mills in Pakistan has

increased to:

A 85 B 79 C 99 D 108

CHAPTER 10: TRADE LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Describe the major factors that affect international trade.

ANS. Factors which affect international trade:

I. Markets: Every country is always in search of new markets to sell its goods and

earn foreign exchange.

II. Means of Transportation: Dependable and fast means of transportation are

essential for international trade.

III. Population: Population is also one of the factors which influence international

trade. A country having low population can export more and more.

IV. Quota System and Government Policies: Quota system is imposed to balance

the trade which affect trade.

Q.NO.2. Describe the major exports of Pakistan.

ANS. Major Exports of Pakistan:

I. Cotton: Cotton is the backbone of Pakistani economy. a considerable part of

foreign exchange is earned through it.

II. Rice: Second biggest export item is rice which is causing a continuous increase

in foreign exchange.

III. Cotton Yarn and Cotton Cloth: this is another important export item of

Pakistan.

IV. Carpets: Pakistani carpets are most favorite because of their high quality texture

and designs.

V. Leather products: Leather and its products from Pakistan are rapidly gaining

worldwide demand.

Q.NO.3. Describe the major imports of Pakistan.

ANS.Major Imports of Pakisan:

I. Petroleum and its Products: Production of petroleum in Pakistan is not

sufficient, so Pakistan is to spend a large amount on its imports.

II. Machinery and Raw Material: Pakistan is forced to import machinery and raw

material for the development of different industrial sectors.

III. Iron, Steel and Its Products: Pakistan is endowed with vast reserves of iron.

Although, Karachi steel mill is working, it is unable to meet the needs. So,

Pakistan has to import iron, steel and its products.

IV. Chemical Fertilizers: Pakistan is an agricultural country. Chemical fertilizers

play an important role in it. To meet the needs, Pakistan has to import most of

the fertilizers.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. What is meant by domestic and international trade?

ANS. Exchange of goods and services within the boundaries of a country is called

domestic trade, while across boundaries is called international trade.

Q.NO.2. Write the name of three major imports and exports of Pakistan.

ANS. 1) Iron, steel and its products, 2) Petroleum and its Products, 3) Chemical

Fertilizers

Q.NO.3. Define balance trade.

ANS. It means imports and exports are equalized.


1) Reason of trade between different countries is:

A Location of industries

B Increase and decrease of resources

C Economic development

D Production enhancement

2) The exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders is

called:

A International trade

B Balanced payment

C Balance of trade

D Domestic trade

3) Import of which item is high in Pakistan:

A Paper B Paint C Petroleum D Silk 4) Pakistan imports most of tea from Bangladesh and:

A UK B Iran C USA D Sri Lanka 5) Which crop is the backbone of Pakistani economy?

A Wheat B Cotton C Sugarcane D Rice

CHAPTER 11:TRANSPORTATION LONG QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Why advanced means of transportation are necessary for a country?

ANS. Means of transportation play an important role in the development of a country.

Inexpensive and fast means are must for the development of a country. Since ancient

time man has adopted different modes of transportation like horses, camels, ponies,

oxen and elephants etc. means are evolving gradually. Now there are very fast means

available throughout the world. Prosperity and development of a country depends upon

fast and advanced means of transportation.

Q.NO.2. Explain the means of transportation in Pakistan.

ANS. Means of Transportation in Pakistan:

I. Road: there is a network of roads in the country which connects fat flung areas.

Road transportation in Pakistan is cheaper and more popular. In rural areas

motorbikes, carts, tongas etc whereas in urban areas buses, trucks, wagons etc

are used greatly.

II. Railways: Headquarters of Pakistan Railways is located in Lahore. Railways is a

fast and most important means of transportation in Pakistan. It is very helpful in

conveying people and goods from one place to another.

III. Air Routes: in 1955, Pakistan International Airlines was established to provide

safer and standard travelling facility to the people. Now it is operating

international flights.

IV. Water Routes: Water routes are most ancient means of transportation. Many

merchants and travelers adopt these routes. They are used to transport

merchandize to other countries. Many countries have been discovered through

this.

Q.NO.3. Describe the importance of means of transportation.

ANS. Means of transportation play an important role in the development of a country.

Inexpensive and fast means are must for the development of a country. Since ancient

time man has adopted different modes of transportation like horses, camels, ponies,

oxen and elephants etc. means are evolving gradually. Now there are very fast means

available throughout the world. Prosperity and development of a country depends upon

fast and advanced means of transportation.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.NO.1. Write down the names of means of transportation.

ANS. 1)Road, 2)Railways, 3)Air plane, 4) Ship

Q.NO.2. List down the important highways of Pakistan.

ANS.1)GT Road, 2)Indus Highways, 3)Super Highway, 4) Coastal Highway, 5) Silk

Road

Q.NO.3. Describe the commercial importance of port in three lines.

ANS. Water routes are most ancient means of transportation. Many merchants and

travelers adopt these routes. They are used to transport merchandize to other countries.

Many countries have been discovered through this.


1) Mughalpura railway workshop is located in:

A Islamabad B Multan C Karachi D Lahore 2) M2 motorway connects Islamabad with:

A Lahore B Faisalabad C Kalat D Quetta 3) Fastest means of transportation is:

A Bus B Air plane C Railway D Car 4) Silk Road connects Pakistan with:

A China B India C Iran D Afghanistan 5) Pakistan International Airlines was established in:

A 1955 B 1965 C 1975 D 1985

Education

Notes of s.st. class vii