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Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition and Upper
Gastrointestinal
Disorders
Chapter 17
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus
• Dry mouth (xerostomia)
– Caused by reduced salivary flow
• Side effect of many medications; associated with a
number of diseases and disease treatments
– Ways in which dry mouth impairs health
• Difficulty swallowing, mouth infections, dental
diseases, increased malnutrition risk, etc.
• How can dry mouth be managed? (Table 17-1)
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Processes involved in swallowing
– Oropharyngeal phase
• Mouth and tongue muscles propel the food bolus
through the pharynx and into the esophagus
• Food entry prevented: nasal cavity and trachea
– Esophageal phase
• Peristalsis forces the bolus through the esophagus
• Lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow bolus
passage into the stomach
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Categories of dysphagia
– Oropharyngeal dysphagia
• Inhibits the transfer of food from the mouth and
pharynx to the esophagus
• Typically a neuromuscular disorder
– Esophageal dysphagia
• Interferes with the passage of materials through
the esophageal lumen and into the stomach
• Obstruction in the esophagus or a motility disorder
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• What are various complications that may
accompany dysphagia?
• Nutrition intervention for dysphagia
– Physically modified foods and beverages
– Dietary plan: requires frequent reassessment
– National Dysphagia Diet (Table 17-3)
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Dysphagia diets
– Food textures: altered to make easier to
swallow
• Solid foods: pureed, mashed, ground, or minced
• Liquid consistencies: thin, nectarlike, honeylike,
and spoon-thick
• “How To” Improve Acceptance of Mechanically
Altered Foods
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Alternative feeding strategies for
dysphagia
– Change head and neck position while eating
and drinking
– Strengthen the jaws, tongue, or larynx
– Learn new swallowing methods
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
– Frequent reflux (backward flow) of the
stomach’s acidic contents into the esophagus
– Heartburn or acid indigestion
• Causes of GERD
– Weak lower esophageal sphincter muscle
– Predisposing factors: high stomach pressures;
inadequate acid clearance (esophagus)
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Causes of GERD
– Higher rates associated with
• Obesity, pregnancy and hiatal hernia
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• Consequences of GERD
– Reflux esophagitis, esophageal ulcers,
pulmonary disease, Barrett’s esophagus, etc.
• Treatment of GERD
– Alleviate symptoms and facilitate healing
– Use acid-suppressing drugs and make lifestyle
changes
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Mouth
and Esophagus (cont’d.)
• “How To” Manage Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease
• Case Study – Woman with GERD
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
• Dyspepsia: symptoms of pain or
discomfort in the upper abdominal area
• Causes of dyspepsia
– Various medical problems:
• Foodborne illness, GERD, peptic ulcers, gastric
motility disorders, gallbladder disease, etc.
• Some chronic diseases, e.g., diabetes mellitus
– Other: medications, dietary supplements, etc.
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Potential food intolerances
– Minimize symptoms
• Consume small, frequent meals; avoid fatty or
highly spiced foods; and avoid the specific foods
believed to trigger symptoms
• Bloating and stomach gas
– Avoid air-swallowing practices
• Gum chewing, smoking, rapid eating, drinking
carbonated beverages, and using a straw
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Nausea and vomiting
– What health problems occur with prolonged
vomiting?
– Vomiting with abdominal pain: GI disorder or
obstruction
– Vomiting without abdominal pain:
medications, foodborne illness, pregnancy,
motion sickness, neurological disease, etc.
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Treatment of nausea and vomiting
– Find and correct the underlying cause
– Restore hydration
– Take medication with food
– May need medication to suppress nausea and
vomiting
– What may be necessary in cases of
intractable vomiting?
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach
mucosa
– Acute cases
• Caused by irritating substances or treatments:
damage the gastric mucosa
– Chronic cases
• Caused by long-term infections: Helicobacter pylori
• Autoimmune disease
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Complications of gastritis
– Disrupted gastric secretory functions
• Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria: absorption of
nonheme iron and vitamin B12 can be impaired
• Intrinsic factor: macrocytic anemia of vitamin B12
deficiency
• Dietary interventions for gastritis
– Avoid irritating foods and beverages
– Iron and vitamin B12 supplements
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Peptic ulcer disease
– Peptic ulcer: open sore in the GI mucosa
– H. pylori infection
• 30 to 60 percent of patients with gastric ulcers
• 70 to 90 percent with duodenal ulcers
– NSAIDs: damage the GI lining
– Other factors: smoking and psychological
stress
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Peptic ulcer disease
– Effects of psychological stress
• May play a contributory role in ulcer development;
precise effects are not fully understood
– Symptoms of peptic ulcers
• Vary: asymptomatic or mild discomfort; hunger
pain or burning pain in the stomach
• Tend to go into remission and recur every few
weeks or months
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Peptic ulcer disease
– Complications of peptic ulcers
• Gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach or duodenum
perforations, ulcer penetration into an adjacent
organ, and gastric outlet obstruction
– Drug therapy for peptic ulcers
• What are the goals of ulcer treatment?
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Conditions Affecting the Stomach
(cont’d.)
• Peptic ulcer disease
– Drug therapy for peptic ulcers
• Discontinue aspirin and other NSAIDs
• Antibiotics for H. pylori
• Antisecretory drugs
• Diet-drug Interactions feature
– Nutrition care for peptic ulcers
• What are the goals of nutrition care for peptic
ulcers?
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery
• Gastrectomy
– Partial gastrectomy
• Only part of the stomach is removed
• Remaining portion: connected to the duodenum or
jejunum
– Total gastrectomy
• Entire stomach removed
• Esophagus connected directly to the small
intestine
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Gastrectomy
– Nutrition care after gastrectomy (Table 17-6)
• What are the primary goals of nutrition care after a
gastrectomy?
• Feeding progression: oral intake suspended until
healing occurs; intravenous feeding; first fluids
orally: small sips of water; liquid meals (with no
sugar); soft foods by fourth or fifth day post surgery
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Gastrectomy
– Dumping syndrome: rapid gastric emptying
• Flow from stomach to duodenum: normally
controlled by pyloric sphincter
• Some types of gastric surgery: hypertonic gastric
contents are no longer regulated
• “How To” Alter the Diet to Reduce Symptoms of
Dumping Syndrome
• Case Study – Nutrition Care after Gastric Surgery
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Gastrectomy
– Nutrition problems following a gastrectomy
• Food avoidance; substantial weight loss; and
eventually, malnutrition
• Fat malabsorption
• Bone disease: osteoporosis and osteomalacia
• Anemia
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Bariatric surgery: most effective and
durable treatment for morbid obesity
– Candidates
• BMI: greater than 40
• BMI: between 35 and 40; accompanied by severe
weight-related problems
• Patient should have attempted a variety of
nonsurgical weight-loss measures
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Most popular bariatric surgical procedures
– Gastric bypass: small gastric pouch
constructed; connected directly to the
jejunum
– Gastric pouch: created with an inflatable band
near the top of the stomach
– Comparisons
• Gastric bypass: permanent; more effective
• Gastric pouch: fully reversible
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Nutrition care after bariatric surgery
– Main objectives
• Maximize and maintain weight loss
• Ensure appropriate nutrient intakes
• Maintain hydration
• Avoid complications
– “How To” Alter Dietary Habits to Achieve and
Maintain Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery
Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Gastric Surgery (cont’d.)
• Postsurgical concerns in gastric bypass
surgery
– Common complaints
• Nausea, vomiting, and constipation
– Long-term complications
• Fat malabsorption, bone disease, and anemia
– Rapid weight loss
• Increases risk of gallbladder disease