Natural Language Processing

Prepared By:

Yogendra Tamang

BEX-066-448

OUTLINES

Introduction Level of Analysis

Phonetic Syntactic Semantic Pragmatic

Introduction to Machine Vision

“The man who knows no foreign language knows nothing of his mother tongue”

-Johan Wolfang Von Geothe(1749-1932)German Poet, Playwright and Philosopher

What is Language???Representing your

understanding

language spoken by people, e.g. English, Nepali, Spanish, as opposed to artificial languages, like C++, Java, etc.

Natural Language

Background

-Understanding????Process of mapping from input form into a more useful form….

A pair(source language, target representation) together with a mapping between elements of each other

-Language????

Natural Language Processing

1.What does the written/spoken sentence mean?(Natural Language Understanding)

2.What is to be represented and how to express it in natural language(Natural Language Generation)

Natural Language UnderstandingRaw Speech Signal

Sequence of Word Spoken

Structure of Sentence

Partial Representation of meaning of sentence

Final Representation of meaning of sentence

Speech Recognition(phonetic)Syntactic Analysis

Semantic Analysis

Pragmatic Analysis

Phonetic Analysis

time

Input Analog signal

Frequency Spectrogra

m

Constructing words from Phonemes through frequency spectrogram

Eg. th+i+ng=thingPhoneme Database is used

Phonetic Analysis

Syntactic Analysis

i. Exploits result of Phonetic Analysis

ii. Builds Structural description of Sentence.

iii. Flat input sequence is converted into hierarchical structure(parsing).

Syntactic AnalysisParsing

1. Grammar: 2. Parser:

A declarative Representation

A procedure

sentence

noun_phrase verb_phrase

proper_noun verb noun_phrase

determiner noun

“Krishna” “ate” “the” “apple”

Syntactic Analysis“Krishna ate the apple”

Semantic Analysis

Generates partial meaning/representation from its syntactic structure

Semantic Analysis

“plant” = industrial plant

“plant” = living organism

Importance of semantics?????

The sea is at the home for billions factories and animals

The sea is home to million of plants and animals

Semantic Analysis

Pragmatic Analysis

Uses context of utteranceWhere, by who, to whom, why, when it was saidIntentions: inform, request, promise, criticize, …

Handling Pronouns“Kusum eats apples. She likes them.”

She=“Kusum”, them=“apples”.

Machine Vision

worldwide industrial quality control and supervision technology.

Machine Vision

-- Consists of optical sensors, cameras for detection of faults

-- Being used for industries for last 20 years

Machine Vision3 Systems

1. Sensing and Digitizing image data

2. Image processing and analyzing

3. Applications

References:

Rich, Knight, Nair, ”Artificial Intelligence, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill Education

http://www.site.uottawa.ca

Machinevision.co.uk

www.ussvision.com

!!!!!Thank You!!!!!!!!!