most marketing

Service Marketing

Marketing BasicsMarketing Basics

What is Marketing???

Think about organizations/companies (Google, Trader Joe’s, The San Jose Chamber of Commerce, World Wildlife Fund, …) as well as individuals (politicians, professional athletes, …)

They all do marketing! How and why?

Marketing consists of activities designed to generate and facilitate exchanges intended to satisfy human or organizational needs or wants.


Personally - in daily life, in career aspirations, in better informed consumer purchases

Organizationally - only marketing directly produces revenue; marketing success depends on customer satisfaction

Domestically - employment and costs, creation of utility

Globally - closed, national markets no longer exist and companies compete in markets worldwide

Importance of Marketing:


Evolution of Marketing:Evolution of Marketing:

Product-orientation Stage1. Demand exceeds available supply.2. All that is made can be sold.3. Focus is on engineering and generating output, not the customer.4. Epitomized between late 1800s and early 1930s.

“make all you can”

“The American public can have any color car it wants so long as it’s black.” Henry Ford, referring to the Model T.

1. Supply frequently exceeds demand.2. Focus is on promotion and pricing; objective is to sell all the inventory.3. Hard-sell techniques create stereotype of pushy, annoying salesperson.4. Epitomized between early 1930s and 1950s.

Sales-orientation Stage “sell all you make”


1. Variety in markets, variety in products.2. Employs full marketing mix.3. Focus is on customer needs and satisfaction; profitability over volume.4. Most typical current orientation.

“make what you can sell”Market-orientation Stage


Evolution of Marketing:Evolution of Marketing:

Service Dominant Logic

1. Service industries gain more and more importance2. Ideas generated in the service field spread to other sectors (like industrial

marketing, marketing for consumer goods, …)3. “Intangible product features”

“make it together with the customer”

Marketing GoalsMarketing Goals

1. Customer satisfaction and (service) quality

2. Stimulation of market exchanges and customer retention

3. Branding of services, products, and companies

There are three main objectives that are followed by the marketing discipline:


1. Customer satisfaction and (service) quality

customer satisfaction

delivered (perceived) service/product

expected service/product*<

customer dissatisfaction

delivered (perceived) service/product

expected service/product*≥

* requires a “positive expectation”


2. Stimulation of market exchanges and customer retention

- Customer satisfaction is a main determinant for stable and voluntary buying relationships

- Compliance management plays an important role in retaining customers

- Stimulation of market exchanges and customer retention is supported by a strong service/product/company brand


3. Branding of services, products, and companies

Brand contacts by Gronroos (2000), p.288

The GAP ModelThe GAP Model

Customer’sCustomer’sAssessmentAssessment

Real Expectation

Inflated ExpectationPromoted

Expectation

Service Provider’s Service Provider’s AssessmentAssessment

Management’sPerceivedCustomer

Expectation

ServiceDesign Spec.

ServiceDelivered

G1

G2

G3

G4

Service Received

Conformance

Design

Marketing

Communication

Causes of Gaps

ServiceQuality

Requirements of a Service Marketing approachRequirements of a Service Marketing approach

- Closing the “Gaps” (and thereby achieving customer satisfaction, retention, and brand building) with the help of the marketing instruments

- The “classic” marketing concept consists of 4 instruments (“4Ps”):

- Product

- Price

- Promotion (also communication)

- Place (also distribution)

- Due to the specialties of services (intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity, perishability) some speak of the 5P-approach by adding a 5th instrument: “People”

Co-CreationCo-Creation

- One of the (if not THE) essential advantage(s) of service management and service marketing is that service development in most of the cases requires the participation of both the supplying company and the customer

- Thus, services are “co-created”

- Impact on the marketing goals:

- Easier to anticipate and to react to customer expectations

stimulation of market exchanges and customer retention

- Direct contact with employees of the service provider impacts the customer’s brand building process

- However, co-creation depends on the abilities of the customer and the provider to express, anticipate, and react to the needs of the counterpart!

The Integrated Service Marketing ModelThe Integrated Service Marketing Model

Buying decision

Level of Information

Idea generation

Service expectations

Marketing process of service companies

Integration into the service production process

quality perception/(dis-) satisfaction

Buying process of the customer (to be influenced by the service firm)

Market information

Initial Market Research

Initial market research

Initial Market Research

- Capturing market trends, market sizes, market potentials

- What do customers expect?

- Market research can be performed in a formal way (e.g. standardized questionnaires, telephone interviews, …) or informally (checking competitors’ websites, ask experts, visit trade shows, …)

- Design of marketing instruments relies on adequate market and customer information




Idea generation



Buying decision


Market information



Strategic service definition

Strategic Service Definition


- Dominated by product, price, and distribution decisions

- Product: service design including the service environment (service encounter), service components, service production process (including communication)

- Price: setting prices on the basis of costs, competitor prices, and demand; price segmentation as major pricing tool (also: Yield Management)

- Distribution: importance of the service location varies(where do customers and producers meet?), services cannot be distributed like products

- The service definition impacts expectations and perceptions of consumers!

Strategic Service Definition




Idea generation




Buying decision


Market information



Initial service communication

Initial Service Communication


Initial Service Communication- Raising awareness and “convincing customers”

- Typical instruments are:

- TV commercials

- Advertisements in newspapers, magazines (also billboards)

- Direct marketing

- Events (incl. trade shows)

- Sponsoring

- Sales promotions

- Online marketing

- Public relations

- Word-of-mouth

- Instruments have to be adjusted to each other!

- Initial service communication has a huge impact on consumer expectations!




Idea generation





Buying decision


Market information


Service production


Service Production(Co-Creation)


Service Production (Co-Creation)

- Mainly impacted by the service encounter and interpersonal communications

- Service performing employees often have a huge influence on the customer’s service perception

- It is not only important to communicate the service to consumers (external communication) but also within the organization (internal communication) - the latter is also called “internal marketing”

- Important to balance employee behavior with initial communication instruments (“integrated marketing communication”)




Idea generation





Buying decision


Market information


After sales support

Service production


After Sales Support


After Sales Support

- Communicative instruments to ensure customer satisfaction and to stimulate customer retention

- Ensure that customer perceptions have at least met their expectations

- Otherwise: compliance management




Idea generation





Buying decision


Market information


After sales support

Service production

Marketing implementation


Marketing Implementation


- Information management plays a crucial role in service marketing

- Information is not only gathered during initial market research but also during the whole service (marketing) process

- Also, information can be spread not only during the initial communication phase but also (and especially) during the service production process

- Important to ensure an effective information flow within the company

Marketing Implementation





Idea generation





Buying decision


Market information

After sales support

Service production



Information gathering





Idea generation





Buying decision


Market information

After sales support

Service production



Information transfer




Idea generation





Buying decision


Market information


After sales support

Service production



Internal information processing


- Coordination of all marketing instruments

- Achievement of marketing goals:

- Service marketing offers several opportunities to balance customer expectations with customer perceptions

- Customer satisfaction (service quality) is a main factor that impacts customer retention

- Continuous and constant service quality accompanied by continuous, constant, and balanced communication efforts lead to the development of a strong brand image

- Growing impact of service marketing on the whole marketing field

ConclusionConclusion

1. Evaluate the Zipcar venture. What are the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats of the business model?

2. How does the Zipcar idea fit the “Integrated Service Marketing Model”? Please apply the case to the several marketing instruments that are discussed in the model.

3. What are the main drivers of customer satisfaction at Zipcar?

4. Describe the process of co-creation at Zipcar!

5. What are the success factors of Zipcar’s promotional strategy? Please consider also the impact of environmental issues on the marketing success of Zipcar.

6. Imagine that Zipcar aims on entering the Chinese market. What factors have to be covered in an according market research study? Would you recommend China as target market?

Please search for additional information to answer the case study questions!

Case Study QuestionsCase Study Questions

Education

most marketing