Models of curriculum evaluation and application in educational

Models of Curriculum Evaluation and Application in Educational Technology

Koledafe Olawale SundayCentre for Open and Distance

LearningUniversity of Ilorin, Nigeria

Kolawole Rasaq OmodolapoBusari Taibat Tolani

Department of Educational TechnologyUniversity of Ilorin, Nigeria

What is Curriculum?

Curriculum can be defined as the planned and guided learning experiences and intended learning outcomes, formulated through the systematic reconstruction of knowledge and experiences, under the auspices of the school, for the learners’ continuous and willful growth in personal social competence (Tanner & Tanner, 1975)

Smith (2000) four main contexts in curriculum definition:

as a body of knowledge that is to be transmitted,

as an attempt to achieve certain ends in students’ product,

as a process as a praxis.

Curriculum Definition (Cont’d)

EbertII, Ebert, & Bentley (2013) defines curriculum to be the means and materials with which students will interact for the purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes.

Evaluation: What is it?

Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results with the aim of determining its relevance and fulfilment of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d.).

Evaluation: What is it?

“Evaluation is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to determine whether and to what degree objectives have been achieved” (Boulmetis & Dutwin, 2005, p. 4)

Curriculum Evaluation

Curriculum evaluation is an attempt to toss light on two questions: Do planned courses, programs, activities, and

learning opportunities as developed and organized actually produce desired results?

How can the curriculum offerings best be improved? (Hussain, Dogar, Azeem, & Shakoor, 2011)

What is a Model

Models are liken to myths and metaphors which helps us make senses of our world. A model offers its user a means of comprehending an otherwise incomprehensible problem (Instructional Design Central, 2012).

What is a Model

Theory explains the process and philosophical foundation of a matter and also sought to find answer to the question “why?”

Models describes a process and the underpinning conceptual framework of a matter, and also sought answers to the question “How?” (Rathy, n.d).

Model Classifications:

Conceptual Models

Procedural Models

Mathematical Models

(Rathy, n.d; Kanwal, 2011).

MODEL

Models of Curriculum Evaluation

Tyler’s ModelCIPP ModelStake’s ModelRoger’s ModelScriven’s Model

Tyler’s Model of Curriculum Evaluation

Propounded by Ralph Tyler in 1949.One of the earliest curriculum experts.Tyler’s model is also referred to as “the goal

attainment model of curriculum evaluation”

Tyler’s Model (Cont’d)

Tyler’s model emphasize more on goals formulation through a detailed analysis of feedback from the students, society and subject matter.

The model measures the extent to which the educational goals of a program have been attained (Singla & Gupta, n.d).

Tyler’s Model (Cont’d)

Tyler model proceeds from the broader view of a concept and narrow it down to the specific.

For instance, it examine the needs of the society and then narrow it to stating the specific objectives to be achieved in order meet the societal need. It is however said to be deductive in nature (Oliva & Gordon, 2012).|

Tyler’s Rationale

What educational purpose should the school seek to attain (i.e. educational aims, goals and objectives)?

What educational experiences (learning experiences) can be provided that are likely to bring about the attainment of the set purpose?

Tyler Rationale (Cont’d)

How can these educational experiences be effectively organized (organization of learning experiences)?

How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained (evauation)? (Omoniyi, 2009)

Tyler’s Model

Selection of educational

purposes

Selection of learning

experiences

Organization of learning

experiences

Evaluation of learning

experiences

Tyler’s Model: Short Comings

Linear FrameworkLeaves evaluation towards the tail end of the

framework

CIPP Model of Curriculum Evaluation

Propounded in 1971The CIPP model came as a consensus of the Phi-

Delta Committee that was chaired by Daniel Stufflebeam in 1971. CIPP focused more on decision making at each stages of the curriculum processes.

CIPP Model of Curriculum Evaluation

C – ContextI – InputP – ProcessP – Product

Evaluation Objective Method Application to Decision making

Context To determine the operating context• To identify and assess needs and opportunities in the context • To diagnose problems underlying the needs and opportunities

By comparing the actual and the intended inputs and outputs

For deciding upon settings to be served• For changes needed in planning Needs of Industry, Society Future Technological developments Mobility of the students

Input To identify and assess system capabilities, available input strategies and designs for implementing thestrategies

Analyzing resources, solution strategies,procedural designs for relevance, feasibility and economy

For selecting sources ofsupport solution strategies and procedural designs forstructure changing activities • Entry behavior of students• Curriculum Objectives• Detailed contents• Methods and media• Competencies of teaching faculty• Appropriateness of teaching / learning resources

Process To identify process defects in the procedural design or its implementation

By monitoring the procedural barriers and remaining alert to unanticipated ones and describing theactual process

For implanting and refining the programme design and procedure for effective process control

Product To relate outcome information to objectives and to context input and process information

Measurement Vs Standards interpreting the outcome

For deciding to continue, terminate, modify, build or refocus a change of activity.

CIPP: Short Coming

However, despite several promises of excellence and potential in moving in the region of formative and summative evaluation CIPP model, is too concerned with how the process is supposed to be rather than the reality on ground (Pradinata, 2012).

Stake’s Countenance Model

o Propounded in 1969 by Robert E. Stake. It examine the basis of the education programme

such as the background philosophy and purpose for which the programme was developed. These intents refer to the goals and plans of the practitioners, such as the curricula and education programme planners, teachers and students.

Stake’s Countenance Model: Antecedent

Antecedent - Antecedent is any condition existing prior to teaching and learning which may relate to outcome.Students’ interests or prior learningLearning Environment in the InstitutionTraditions and Values of the Institution (Rathy,

n.d)

Stake’s Countenance Model: Transaction

Transaction - Transactions are the countless encounters of students with teacher, student with student, author with reader, parent with counsellor. Interactions that occur between:

Stake’s Countenance Model: Transaction(Forms of Transactions in Teaching & Learning)

Teachers Students

Students Students

Students Curricular Materials

StudentsEducational

Environments

Stake’s Countenance Model: Outcome

Outcome - Outcome include measurements of the impact of instruction on learners and others. The outcome is an integral impact of curriculum implementation on students, teachers, administrators and community. Outcome can either be immediate or long range (Rathy, n.d).

Stake’s Countenance Model: Ups & Downs

The high point of Stake's model lies in the manner in which intents and actions are defined, observed and evaluated, together with standards and judgements rather than actual educational goals. (Woods, 1988; Ling, et al., n.d.). nonetheless, Rathy (n.d) faults the model for “stairng up conflicts” and also tends to ignore the “causes”

Application to Educational Technology

Educational Technology is a study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.


What educational purpose should the school seek to attain? (i.e. educational aims, goals and objectives)- This question can serve as a guild to the instructional developer, by preempting him of what the expected learning outcome should be. He can however work with this as a blueprint. As media is designed not as an end to itself but rather as mean to achieve the expected learning outcomes.


What educational experiences (learning experiences) can be provided that are likely to bring about the attainment of the set purpose?- This can be applied in the context of educational technology as preparing the learning environment to cause an interaction that will facilitate learning.


How can these educational experiences be effectively organized (organization of learning experiences)?- One thing is to create a technology for facilitating learning, another is to ensure that the technology actually facilitate learning. The term “using and managing” in the definition stressed on the fact that the created technology should be properly organized and managed.


How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained (evaluation)?- Evaluation is key in the field of educational technology. After creating, using and managing certain instructional technology, how do we measure the extent to which what was created has actually facilitated learning?

Thanks for Listening