MGT 143 CHAP 4 TIME VALUE OF MONEY

Chapter 5 - The Time Chapter 5 - The Time Value of MoneyValue of Money

2005, Pearson Prentice Hall

The Time Value of MoneyThe Time Value of Money

Compounding and Compounding and Discounting Single SumsDiscounting Single Sums

We know that receiving P1 today is worth We know that receiving P1 today is worth moremore than P1 in the future. This is due than P1 in the future. This is due toto opportunity costsopportunity costs..

The opportunity cost of receiving P1 in The opportunity cost of receiving P1 in the future is thethe future is the interestinterest we could have we could have earned if we had received the P1 earned if we had received the P1 sooner.sooner.

Today Future

If we can measure this opportunity If we can measure this opportunity cost, we can:cost, we can:


Translate P1 today into its equivalent in the futureTranslate P1 today into its equivalent in the future (compounding)(compounding)..



Today

?

Future



Translate P1 in the future into its equivalent todayTranslate P1 in the future into its equivalent today (discounting)(discounting)..

Today

?

Future



Translate P1 in the future into its equivalent todayTranslate P1 in the future into its equivalent today (discounting)(discounting)..

?

Today Future

Today

?

Future

Compound Interest Compound Interest and Future Valueand Future Value

Future Value - single sumsFuture Value - single sums

If you deposit P100 in an account earning 6%, how If you deposit P100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 1 year?much would you have in the account after 1 year?



0 1

PV =PV = FV = FV =



Calculator Solution:Calculator Solution:

P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 1 N = 1 PV = -100 PV = -100

FV = FV = P106P106

00 1 1

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 1 N = 1 PV = -100 PV = -100

FV = FV = P106P106

00 1 1

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 106106



Mathematical Solution:Mathematical Solution:

FV = PV (FVIF FV = PV (FVIF i, ni, n ))

FV = 100 (FVIF FV = 100 (FVIF .06, 1.06, 1 ) (use FVIF table, or)) (use FVIF table, or)

FV = PV (1 + i)FV = PV (1 + i)nn

FV = 100 (1.06)FV = 100 (1.06)1 1 = = P106P106

00 1 1

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 106106


If you deposit P100 in an account earning 6%, how If you deposit P100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 5 years?much would you have in the account after 5 years?



00 5 5

PV =PV = FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 5 N = 5 PV = -100 PV = -100

FV = FV = P133.82P133.82

00 5 5

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 5 N = 5 PV = -100 PV = -100

FV = FV = P133.82P133.82

00 5 5

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 133.133.8282





FV = 100 (FVIF FV = 100 (FVIF .06, 5.06, 5 ) (use FVIF table, or)) (use FVIF table, or)

FV = PV (1 + i)FV = PV (1 + i)nn

FV = 100 (1.06)FV = 100 (1.06)5 5 = = PP133.82133.82

00 5 5

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 133.133.8282

Future Value - single sumsFuture Value - single sumsIf you deposit P100 in an account earning 6% with If you deposit P100 in an account earning 6% with quarterly compoundingquarterly compounding, how much would you have , how much would you have

in the account after 5 years?in the account after 5 years?

0 ?

PV =PV = FV = FV =




P/Y = 4P/Y = 4 I = 6I = 6

N = 20 N = 20 PV = PV = -100-100

FV = FV = P134.68P134.68

00 20 20

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV =




P/Y = 4P/Y = 4 I = 6I = 6

N = 20 N = 20 PV = PV = -100-100

FV = FV = P134.68P134.68

00 20 20

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 134.134.6868





FV = 100 (FVIF FV = 100 (FVIF .015, 20.015, 20 ) ) (can’t use FVIF table)(can’t use FVIF table)

FV = PV (1 + i/m) FV = PV (1 + i/m) m x nm x n

FV = 100 (1.015)FV = 100 (1.015)20 20 = = P134.68P134.68

00 20 20

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 134.134.6868



Future Value - single sumsFuture Value - single sumsIf you deposit P100 in an account earning 6% with If you deposit P100 in an account earning 6% with monthly compoundingmonthly compounding, how much would you have , how much would you have




0 ?

PV =PV = FV = FV =


P/Y = 12P/Y = 12 I = 6I = 6

N = 60 N = 60 PV = PV = -100-100

FV = FV = P134.89P134.89

00 60 60

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV =




P/Y = 12P/Y = 12 I = 6I = 6

N = 60 N = 60 PV = PV = -100-100

FV = FV = P134.89P134.89

00 60 60

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 134.134.8989





FV = 100 (FVIF FV = 100 (FVIF .005, 60.005, 60 ) ) (can’t use FVIF table)(can’t use FVIF table)

FV = PV (1 + i/m) FV = PV (1 + i/m) m x nm x n

FV = 100 (1.005)FV = 100 (1.005)60 60 = = P134.89P134.89

00 60 60

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = FV = 134.134.8989



Future Value - continuous compoundingFuture Value - continuous compoundingWhat is the FV of P1,000 earning 8% with What is the FV of P1,000 earning 8% with continuous compoundingcontinuous compounding, after 100 years?, after 100 years?


0 ?

PV =PV = FV = FV =


FV = PV (e FV = PV (e inin))

FV = 1000 (e FV = 1000 (e .08x100.08x100) = 1000 (e ) = 1000 (e 88) )

FV = FV = P2,980,957.P2,980,957.9999

00 100 100

PV = -1000PV = -1000 FV = FV =


00 100 100

PV = -1000PV = -1000 FV = FV = P2.98mP2.98m



FV = PV (e FV = PV (e inin))

FV = 1000 (e FV = 1000 (e .08x100.08x100) = 1000 (e ) = 1000 (e 88) )

FV = FV = P2,980,957.P2,980,957.9999

Present ValuePresent Value

Present Value - single sumsPresent Value - single sumsIf you receive P100 one year from now, what is the If you receive P100 one year from now, what is the

PV of that P100 if your opportunity cost is 6%?PV of that P100 if your opportunity cost is 6%?

0 ?

PV =PV = FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 1 N = 1 FV = FV = 100100

PV = PV = -94.34-94.34

00 1 1

PV = PV = FV = 100 FV = 100




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 1 N = 1 FV = FV = 100100

PV = PV = -94.34-94.34

PV = PV = -94.-94.3434 FV = 100 FV = 100

00 1 1




PV = FV (PVIF PV = FV (PVIF i, ni, n ))

PV = 100 (PVIF PV = 100 (PVIF .06, 1.06, 1 ) (use PVIF table, or)) (use PVIF table, or)

PV = FV / (1 + i)PV = FV / (1 + i)nn

PV = 100 / (1.06)PV = 100 / (1.06)1 1 = = P94.34P94.34

PV = PV = -94.-94.3434 FV = 100 FV = 100

00 1 1



Present Value - single sumsPresent Value - single sumsIf you receive P100 five years from now, what is the If you receive P100 five years from now, what is the


0 ?

PV =PV = FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 5 N = 5 FV = FV = 100100

PV = PV = -74.73-74.73

00 5 5

PV = PV = FV = 100 FV = 100




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 6I = 6

N = 5 N = 5 FV = FV = 100100

PV = PV = -74.73-74.73



00 5 5

PV = PV = -74.-74.7373 FV = 100 FV = 100




PV = FV / (1 + i)PV = FV / (1 + i)nn

PV = 100 / (1.06)PV = 100 / (1.06)5 5 = = P74.73P74.73



00 5 5

PV = PV = -74.-74.7373 FV = 100 FV = 100

Present Value - single sumsPresent Value - single sumsWhat is the PV of P1,000 to be received 15 years What is the PV of P1,000 to be received 15 years

from now if your opportunity cost is 7%?from now if your opportunity cost is 7%?

00 15 15

PV = PV = FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 7I = 7

N = 15 N = 15 FV = FV = 1,0001,000

PV = PV = -362.45-362.45



00 15 15

PV = PV = FV = 1000 FV = 1000


P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 7I = 7

N = 15 N = 15 FV = FV = 1,0001,000

PV = PV = -362.45-362.45



00 15 15

PV = PV = -362.-362.4545 FV = 1000 FV = 1000




PV = FV / (1 + i)PV = FV / (1 + i)nn

PV = 100 / (1.07)PV = 100 / (1.07)15 15 = = P362.45P362.45



00 15 15

PV = PV = -362.-362.4545 FV = 1000 FV = 1000

Present Value - single sumsPresent Value - single sumsIf you sold land for P11,933 that you bought 5 If you sold land for P11,933 that you bought 5

years ago for P5,000, what is your annual rate of years ago for P5,000, what is your annual rate of return?return?

00 5 5

PV = PV = FV = FV =




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 N = 5N = 5

PV = -5,000 PV = -5,000 FV = 11,933FV = 11,933

I = I = 19%19%

00 5 5

PV = -5000PV = -5000 FV = 11,933 FV = 11,933




PV = FV (PVIF PV = FV (PVIF i, ni, n ) )

5,000 = 11,933 (PVIF 5,000 = 11,933 (PVIF ?, 5?, 5 ) )

PV = FV / (1 + i)PV = FV / (1 + i)nn

5,000 = 11,933 / (1+ i)5,000 = 11,933 / (1+ i)5 5

.419 = ((1/ (1+i).419 = ((1/ (1+i)55))

2.3866 = (1+i)2.3866 = (1+i)55

(2.3866)(2.3866)1/51/5 = (1+i) = (1+i) i = i = .19.19



Present Value - single sumsPresent Value - single sumsSuppose you placed P100 in an account that pays Suppose you placed P100 in an account that pays 9.6% interest, compounded monthly. How long 9.6% interest, compounded monthly. How long

will it take for your account to grow to $500?will it take for your account to grow to $500?

00

PV = PV = FV = FV =

Calculator Solution:Calculator Solution: P/Y = 12P/Y = 12 FV = 500FV = 500 I = 9.6I = 9.6 PV = -100PV = -100 N = N = 202 months202 months


will it take for your account to grow to P500?will it take for your account to grow to P500?

00 ? ?

PV = -100PV = -100 FV = 500 FV = 500


will it take for your account to grow to P500?will it take for your account to grow to P500?


PV = FV / (1 + i)PV = FV / (1 + i)nn

100 = 500 / (1+ .008)100 = 500 / (1+ .008)NN

5 = (1.008)5 = (1.008)NN

ln 5 = ln (1.008)ln 5 = ln (1.008)NN

ln 5 = N ln (1.008)ln 5 = N ln (1.008)1.60944 = .007968 N1.60944 = .007968 N N = 202 monthsN = 202 months

Hint for single sum problems:Hint for single sum problems:

In every single sum present value and In every single sum present value and future value problem, there are four future value problem, there are four variables:variables:

FVFV, , PVPV, , ii and and nn.. When doing problems, you will be given When doing problems, you will be given

three variables and you will solve for the three variables and you will solve for the fourth variable.fourth variable.

Keeping this in mind makes solving time Keeping this in mind makes solving time value problems much easier!value problems much easier!

The Time Value of MoneyThe Time Value of Money

Compounding and DiscountingCompounding and Discounting

Cash Flow StreamsCash Flow Streams

0 1 2 3 4

AnnuitiesAnnuities Annuity:Annuity: a sequence of a sequence of equalequal cash cash

flowsflows, occurring at the , occurring at the endend of each of each period.period.

Annuity:Annuity: a sequence of a sequence of equalequal cash cash flows, occurring at the end of each flows, occurring at the end of each period.period.

0 1 2 3 4

AnnuitiesAnnuities

Examples of Annuities:Examples of Annuities:

If you buy a bond, you will If you buy a bond, you will receive equal semi-annual coupon receive equal semi-annual coupon interest payments over the life of interest payments over the life of the bond.the bond.

If you borrow money to buy a If you borrow money to buy a house or a car, you will pay a house or a car, you will pay a stream of equal payments.stream of equal payments.

If you buy a bond, you will If you buy a bond, you will receive equal semi-annual coupon receive equal semi-annual coupon interest payments over the life of interest payments over the life of the bond.the bond.

If you borrow money to buy a If you borrow money to buy a house or a car, you will pay a house or a car, you will pay a stream of equal payments.stream of equal payments.

Examples of Annuities:Examples of Annuities:

Future Value - annuityFuture Value - annuityIf you invest P1,000 each year at 8%, how much If you invest P1,000 each year at 8%, how much

would you have after 3 years?would you have after 3 years?

0 1 2 3




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 8I = 8 N = 3N = 3

PMT = -1,000 PMT = -1,000

FV = FV = P3,246.40P3,246.40



0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000


P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 8I = 8 N = 3N = 3

PMT = -1,000 PMT = -1,000

FV = FV = P3,246.40P3,246.40



0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000







FV = PMT (FVIFA FV = PMT (FVIFA i, ni, n ))





FV = 1,000 (FVIFA FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3.08, 3 ) ) (use FVIFA table, or)(use FVIFA table, or)






FV = PMT (1 + i)FV = PMT (1 + i)nn - 1 - 1

ii






FV = PMT (1 + i)FV = PMT (1 + i)nn - 1 - 1

ii

FV = 1,000 (1.08)FV = 1,000 (1.08)33 - 1 = - 1 = P3246.40P3246.40

.08 .08



Present Value - annuityPresent Value - annuityWhat is the PV of P1,000 at the end of each of the What is the PV of P1,000 at the end of each of the

next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%?next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%?

0 1 2 3




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 8I = 8 N = 3N = 3

PMT = -1,000 PMT = -1,000

PV = PV = P2,577.10P2,577.10

0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000




P/Y = 1P/Y = 1 I = 8I = 8 N = 3N = 3

PMT = -1,000 PMT = -1,000

PV = PV = P2,577.10P2,577.10

0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000









PV = PMT (PVIFA PV = PMT (PVIFA i, ni, n ))





PV = 1,000 (PVIFA PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3.08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or)) (use PVIFA table, or)






11

PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)nn

ii

Present Value - annuityPresent Value - annuityWhat is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the





11PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)nn

ii

11PV = 1000 1 - (1.08 )PV = 1000 1 - (1.08 )33 = = P2,577.10P2,577.10

.08.08



Other Cash Flow PatternsOther Cash Flow Patterns

0 1 2 3

The Time Value of Money

PerpetuitiesPerpetuities

Suppose you will receive a fixed Suppose you will receive a fixed payment every period (month, year, payment every period (month, year, etc.) forever. This is an example of etc.) forever. This is an example of a perpetuity.a perpetuity.

You can think of a perpetuity as an You can think of a perpetuity as an annuityannuity that goes on that goes on foreverforever..

Present Value of a Present Value of a PerpetuityPerpetuity

When we find the PV of an When we find the PV of an annuityannuity, , we think of the following we think of the following relationship:relationship:

Present Value of a Present Value of a PerpetuityPerpetuity

When we find the PV of an When we find the PV of an annuityannuity, , we think of the following we think of the following relationship:relationship:

PV = PMT (PVIFA PV = PMT (PVIFA i, ni, n ) )

Mathematically, Mathematically,


(PVIFA i, n ) =(PVIFA i, n ) =


(PVIFA i, n ) = (PVIFA i, n ) = 1 - 1 - 11

(1 + i)(1 + i)nn

ii


(PVIFA i, n ) = (PVIFA i, n ) =

We said that a perpetuity is an We said that a perpetuity is an annuity where n = infinity. What annuity where n = infinity. What happens to this formula when happens to this formula when nn gets very, very large? gets very, very large?

1 - 1 - 11

(1 + i)(1 + i)nn

ii

When n gets very large,When n gets very large,


1 -

1

(1 + i)n

i


this becomes zero.this becomes zero.1 -

1

(1 + i)n

i


this becomes zero.this becomes zero.

So we’re left with PVIFA =So we’re left with PVIFA =

1 i

1 - 1

(1 + i)n

i

So, the PV of a perpetuity is very So, the PV of a perpetuity is very simple to find:simple to find:

Present Value of a Perpetuity

PMT i

PV =

So, the PV of a perpetuity is very So, the PV of a perpetuity is very simple to find:simple to find:

Present Value of a Perpetuity

What should you be willing to pay in What should you be willing to pay in order to receive order to receive P10,000P10,000 annually annually forever, if you require forever, if you require 8%8% per year per year on the investment?on the investment?


PMT P10,000PMT P10,000 i .08 i .08

PV = =PV = =


PMT P10,000PMT P10,000 i .08 i .08

= P125,000= P125,000

PV = =PV = =

Ordinary AnnuityOrdinary Annuity vs. vs.

Annuity Due Annuity Due

P1000 P1000 P1000P1000 P1000 P1000

4 5 6 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End ModeBegin Mode vs. End Mode

1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8


1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 5 6 7


1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 5 6 7

PVPVinin

ENDENDModeMode


1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 5 6 7

PVPVinin

ENDENDModeMode

FVFVinin

ENDENDModeMode


1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 6 7 8


1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 6 7 8

PVPVinin

BEGINBEGINModeMode


1000 1000 10001000 1000 1000

4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 6 7 8

PVPVinin

BEGINBEGINModeMode

FVFVinin

BEGINBEGINModeMode

Earlier, we examined this Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity:“ordinary” annuity:


0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000


Using an interest rate of 8%, we Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that:find that:

0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000



The The Future ValueFuture Value (at 3) is (at 3) is P3,246.40P3,246.40..

0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000



The The Future ValueFuture Value (at 3) is (at 3) is P3,246.40P3,246.40..

The The Present ValuePresent Value (at 0) is (at 0) is P2,577.10P2,577.10..

0 1 2 3

10001000 10001000 1000 1000

What about this annuity?What about this annuity?

Same 3-year time line,Same 3-year time line, Same 3 P1000 cash flows, butSame 3 P1000 cash flows, but The cash flows occur at the The cash flows occur at the

beginningbeginning of each year, rather of each year, rather than at the than at the endend of each year. of each year.

This is an This is an “annuity due.”“annuity due.”

0 1 2 3

10001000 1000 1000 1000 1000

0 1 2 3

Future Value - annuity dueFuture Value - annuity due If you invest P1,000 at the beginning of each of the If you invest P1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at

the end of year 3? the end of year 3?


Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I = 8I = 8

N = 3N = 3 PMT = -1,000 PMT = -1,000

FV = FV = P3,506.11P3,506.11

0 1 2 3

-1000-1000 -1000 -1000 -1000 -1000



0 1 2 3

-1000-1000 -1000 -1000 -1000 -1000





N = 3N = 3 PMT = -1,000 PMT = -1,000

FV = FV = P3,506.11P3,506.11



Mathematical Solution:Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period:ordinary annuity one more period:




FV = PMT (FVIFA FV = PMT (FVIFA i, ni, n ) (1 + i)) (1 + i)





FV = 1,000 (FVIFA FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3.08, 3 ) (1.08) ) (1.08) (use FVIFA table, or)(use FVIFA table, or)






FV = PMT (1 + i)FV = PMT (1 + i)nn - 1 - 1

ii(1 + i)(1 + i)






FV = PMT (1 + i)FV = PMT (1 + i)nn - 1 - 1

ii

FV = 1,000 (1.08)FV = 1,000 (1.08)33 - 1 = - 1 = P3,506.11P3,506.11

.08 .08

(1 + i)(1 + i)

(1.08)(1.08)

Present Value - annuity duePresent Value - annuity due What is the PV of P1,000 at the beginning of each What is the PV of P1,000 at the beginning of each

of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%? of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%?

0 1 2 3



N = 3N = 3 PMT = 1,000 PMT = 1,000

PV = PV = P2,783.26P2,783.26

0 1 2 3

10001000 1000 1000 1000 1000





N = 3N = 3 PMT = 1,000 PMT = 1,000

PV = PV = P2,783.26P2,783.26

0 1 2 3

10001000 1000 1000 1000 1000



Present Value - annuity duePresent Value - annuity due






PV = PMT (PVIFA PV = PMT (PVIFA i, ni, n ) (1 + i)) (1 + i)




PV = 1,000 (PVIFA PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3.08, 3 ) (1.08) ) (1.08) (use PVIFA table, or)(use PVIFA table, or)





11

PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)nn

ii(1 + i)(1 + i)





11

PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)nn

ii

11

PV = 1000 1 - (1.08 )PV = 1000 1 - (1.08 )33 = = P2,783.26P2,783.26

.08.08

(1 + i)(1 + i)

(1.08)(1.08)

Is this an Is this an annuityannuity?? How do we find the PV of a cash flow How do we find the PV of a cash flow

stream when all of the cash flows are stream when all of the cash flows are different? (Use a 10% discount rate.)different? (Use a 10% discount rate.)

Uneven Cash FlowsUneven Cash Flows

00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000

Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow We have to discount each cash flow back separately.back separately.

00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000



00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000



00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000



00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000



00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000


periodperiod CF CF PV (CF)PV (CF)

00 -10,000 -10,000 -10,000.00-10,000.00

11 2,000 2,000 1,818.181,818.18

22 4,000 4,000 3,305.793,305.79

33 6,000 6,000 4,507.894,507.89

44 7,000 7,000 4,781.094,781.09

PV of Cash Flow Stream: P4,412.95PV of Cash Flow Stream: P4,412.95

00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000-10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000

Annual Percentage Yield (APY)Annual Percentage Yield (APY)

Which is the better loan:Which is the better loan: 8%8% compounded compounded annuallyannually, or, or 7.85%7.85% compounded compounded quarterlyquarterly?? We can’t compare these nominal (quoted) We can’t compare these nominal (quoted)

interest rates, because they don’t include the interest rates, because they don’t include the same number of compounding periods per same number of compounding periods per year!year!

We need to calculate the APY.We need to calculate the APY.



APY = APY = (( 1 + 1 + ) ) m m - 1- 1quoted ratequoted ratemm


Find the APY for the quarterly loan:Find the APY for the quarterly loan:





APY = APY = (( 1 + 1 + ) ) 4 4 - 1- 1.0785.078544




APY = APY = (( 1 + 1 + ) ) 4 4 - 1- 1

APY = .0808, or 8.08%APY = .0808, or 8.08%

.0785.078544



The quarterly loan is more expensive than The quarterly loan is more expensive than the 8% loan with annual compounding!the 8% loan with annual compounding!


APY = APY = (( 1 + 1 + ) ) 4 4 - 1- 1

APY = .0808, or 8.08%APY = .0808, or 8.08%

.0785.078544

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

ExampleExample

Cash flows from an investment are Cash flows from an investment are expected to be expected to be P40,000P40,000 per year at the per year at the end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you require a require a 20%20% rate of return, what is rate of return, what is the PV of these cash flows?the PV of these cash flows?

ExampleExample

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

Cash flows from an investment are Cash flows from an investment are expected to be expected to be P40,000P40,000 per year at the per year at the end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you require a require a 20%20% rate of return, what is rate of return, what is the PV of these cash flows?the PV of these cash flows?

This type of cash flow sequence is This type of cash flow sequence is often called a often called a ““deferred annuitydeferred annuity.”.”

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

How to solve:How to solve:

1) 1) Discount each cash flow back to Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.time 0 separately.

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040



00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040



00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040



00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040



00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040



00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040



Or,Or,

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

2) 2) Find the PV of the annuity:Find the PV of the annuity:

PVPV:: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PMT = 40,000; N = 5 PMT = 40,000; N = 5

PV = PV = P119,624P119,624

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

2) 2) Find the PV of the annuity:Find the PV of the annuity:

PVPV3:3: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PMT = 40,000; N = 5 PMT = 40,000; N = 5

PVPV33= = P119,624P119,624

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

119,624119,624

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

Then discount this single sum back to Then discount this single sum back to time 0.time 0.

PV: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PV: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20;

N = 3; FV = 119,624; N = 3; FV = 119,624;

Solve: PV = Solve: PV = P69,226P69,226

119,624119,624

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

69,22669,226

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

119,624119,624

The PV of the cash flow The PV of the cash flow stream is stream is P69,226P69,226..

69,22669,226

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

P0P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4040 4040 4040 4040 4040

119,624119,624

Retirement ExampleRetirement Example

After graduation, you plan to invest After graduation, you plan to invest P400P400 per month per month in the stock market. in the stock market. If you earn If you earn 12%12% per year per year on your on your stocks, how much will you have stocks, how much will you have accumulated when you retire in accumulated when you retire in 3030 yearsyears??

Retirement ExampleRetirement Example

After graduation, you plan to invest After graduation, you plan to invest P400P400 per month in the stock market. per month in the stock market. If you earn If you earn 12%12% per year on your per year on your stocks, how much will you have stocks, how much will you have accumulated when you retire in 30 accumulated when you retire in 30 years?years?

00 11 22 33 . . . 360. . . 360

400 400 400 400400 400 400 400

00 11 22 33 . . . 360. . . 360

400 400 400 400400 400 400 400

Using your calculator,Using your calculator,

P/YR = 12P/YR = 12

N = 360 N = 360

PMT = -400PMT = -400

I%YR = 12I%YR = 12

FV = FV = P1,397,985.65P1,397,985.65

00 11 22 33 . . . 360. . . 360

400 400 400 400400 400 400 400

Retirement ExampleRetirement Example If you invest P400 at the end of each month for the If you invest P400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at












FV = PMT (FVIFA FV = PMT (FVIFA i, ni, n ) )

FV = 400 (FVIFA FV = 400 (FVIFA .01, 360.01, 360 ) ) (can’t use FVIFA table)(can’t use FVIFA table)






FV = PMT (1 + i)FV = PMT (1 + i)nn - 1 - 1

ii






FV = PMT (1 + i)FV = PMT (1 + i)nn - 1 - 1

ii

FV = 400 (1.01)FV = 400 (1.01)360360 - 1 = - 1 = P1,397,985.65P1,397,985.65

.01 .01

If you borrow If you borrow P100,000P100,000 at at 7%7% fixed fixed interest for interest for 3030 years years in order to in order to buy a house, what will be your buy a house, what will be your

monthly house paymentmonthly house payment??

House Payment ExampleHouse Payment Example


If you borrow If you borrow P100,000P100,000 at at 7%7% fixed fixed interest for interest for 3030 years in order to years in order to buy a house, what will be your buy a house, what will be your

monthly house payment?monthly house payment?

0 1 2 3 . . . 360

? ? ? ?


P/YR = 12P/YR = 12

N = 360N = 360

I%YR = 7I%YR = 7

PV = P100,000PV = P100,000

PMT = PMT = -P665.30-P665.30

00 11 22 33 . . . 360. . . 360

? ? ? ?? ? ? ?









100,000 = PMT (PVIFA 100,000 = PMT (PVIFA .07, 360.07, 360 ) ) (can’t use PVIFA table)(can’t use PVIFA table)





11

PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)nn

ii





11

PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)nn

ii

11

100,000 = PMT 1 - (1.005833 )100,000 = PMT 1 - (1.005833 )360360 PMT=P665.30PMT=P665.30

.005833.005833

Team AssignmentTeam Assignment

Upon retirement, your goal is to spend Upon retirement, your goal is to spend 55 years traveling around the world. To years traveling around the world. To travel in style will require travel in style will require P250,000P250,000 per per year at the year at the beginningbeginning of each year. of each year.

If you plan to retire in If you plan to retire in 30 30 yearsyears, what are , what are the equal the equal monthlymonthly payments necessary payments necessary to achieve this goal? The funds in your to achieve this goal? The funds in your retirement account will compound at retirement account will compound at 10%10% annually. annually.

How much do we need to have by How much do we need to have by the end of year 30 to finance the the end of year 30 to finance the trip?trip?

PVPV3030 = PMT (PVIFA = PMT (PVIFA .10, 5.10, 5) (1.10) =) (1.10) =

= 250,000 (3.7908) (1.10) == 250,000 (3.7908) (1.10) =

= = P1,042,470P1,042,470

2727 2828 2929 3030 3131 3232 3333 3434 3535

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250


Mode = BEGINMode = BEGIN

PMT = -P250,000PMT = -P250,000

N = 5N = 5

I%YR = 10I%YR = 10

P/YR = 1P/YR = 1

PV = PV = P1,042,466P1,042,466

2727 2828 2929 3030 3131 3232 3333 3434 3535

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

Now, assuming 10% annual Now, assuming 10% annual compounding, what monthly compounding, what monthly payments will be required for you payments will be required for you to have to have P1,042,466P1,042,466 at the end of at the end of year 30?year 30?

2727 2828 2929 3030 3131 3232 3333 3434 3535

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

1,042,4661,042,466


Mode = ENDMode = END

N = 360N = 360

I%YR = 10I%YR = 10

P/YR = 12P/YR = 12

FV = P1,042,466FV = P1,042,466

PMT = PMT = -P461.17-P461.17

2727 2828 2929 3030 3131 3232 3333 3434 3535

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

1,042,4661,042,466

So, you would have to place So, you would have to place P461.17P461.17 in in your retirement account, which earns your retirement account, which earns 10% annually, at the end of each of the 10% annually, at the end of each of the next 360 months to finance the 5-year next 360 months to finance the 5-year world tour.world tour.

Education

MGT 143 CHAP 4 TIME VALUE OF MONEY