Submitted bySairash khokhar

Subject : Philosophy of English literatureTopic: Methods in philosophy

What is methodology of philosophy

Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.

Characteristics of philosophy• Philosophy is characterised as much by its methods as by its suject

matter. Philosophers deal with speculative issues that generally or not investigation through experimental test, and philosophy therefore is more fully conceptual than science. • Philosophy is just like scientists formulate hypotheses which ultimately

must answer to reason and evidence.• This is one of the things that differentiate philosophy from poetry and

mysticism, despite its not being a science.

Dogmatism (1595-1605)

• Arrogant assertion of opinions as truth• A dogmatist is a person who asserts his or her opinions in an

arrogant manner"• Blind believers•  Asserting or insisting upon ideas or principles, especially when  unproven or unexamined, in an imperious or arrogant manner.

Empiricism • It is the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.• 11century by the Persian philosopher "Avicenna" who argued that knowledge is

attained through empirical families.• The term empiricism has a dual etymology, Greek word experince and roman

usage of empiric. • Such group of people belief in this world and they follow experince• This concept originate in observation and experiment used in the natural and

sciences. It is the fundamental requirement of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observation of the natural world

• Hence science is considered to be methodology empirical in nature.

Skepticism• Doubt about something Or knowedge• Unbelief for the religion specially Christianity• Doubt about the universe• Skeptics have challenged the adequacy or reliability of these claims by

asking what principles they are based upon or what they actually establish.

• Skeptic developed with regard to various disciplines in which people claimed to have knowledge.

• .

• For example in ancient times a chief form of skepticism was medical skepticism. Which questioned whether one could know with certainty either the causes or cures of diseases.

• In religion doubts were raised about the doctrines of different traditions.

Criticism

• The expression of disapproval of something or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes.

• For example if you found a question. You struggles to find the answer of those questions.

• It creates curiosity, the analysis or judgment of the Marits and facts of literary work.

• It develops the critical faculty in individual.

Rationalism

• It is related to logic• According to this method of thinking, • Knowledge is a product not an experience alone but of

reason• Rationalism is any view appealing to intellectual and

deductive reason• For example "how to seek the knowledge of truth."

Dialectical method• Dialectic or dialectics also known as the dialectical method is a

Discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth resoned arguments

• The term popularised by plato Socratic dialogues • The term is not synonymous with the term debate.• It is a commonplace experience that when we think our problem or

question and reached at certain answer it is called theses. And by doing further research we felt that answer we find earlier is contradicted to the research is called antitheses.

• Theses and antitheses cannot live together so they are synthesised to syntheses.

• This theses will be more comprehensive

Pre-socratic philosophy• Pre-Socratic were 6th and 5th century BCE Greek thinkers who

introduced a new way of inquiring into the world and the place of human beings in it.

• They were, in short, more open to intellectual innovation and speculation than counterparts on the mainland.

• The early Greek philosopher saw the world around them and asked questions about it. Instead of attribution to Gods , they sought rational explanations.

• They look building blocks of matter, the early philosopher s looked at the stars, music and number system. Later philosophers focused entirely on conduct or ethics.