LITTER GENERATED AMMONIA CAPTURED BY ACTIVATED CARBON DERIVED FROM BROILER LITTER Kari Fitzmorris Brisolara, ScD, MSPH Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center Dana M. Miles, PhD and Isabel M. Lima, PhD USDA Agricultural Research Service

Litter Generated Ammonia Captured by Activated Carbon Derived from Broiler Litter

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http://www.extension.org/67575 In 2011, the production rate of broilers was 8.6 billion with a value of $23.2 billion (USDA 2012). Both CERCLA and EPCRA have reporting requirements for ammonia (NH3) of 100 lb of NH3/d or 18.3 tons/yr, a level that may affect large animal production facilities (NRC 2003). Although USEPA (2009) has provided an exemption for animal waste producing farms under CERCLA for reporting hazardous air emissions, it is expected that this exemption will be revoked once valid methodologies are established for monitoring. Two of the 24 sites in the NAEMS monitoring study reported similar NH3 emissions of 3.6 – 5.3 tons of NH3 per house per year (Burns et al. 2009, Heber 2010). Emissions of this level indicate a need for developing technologies that can reduce the NH3 levels produced by broiler operations. This research is focused on the use of broiler litter as activated carbon (BAC) to reduce aerial NH3 generated by litter, an opportunity to not only reuse the manure, but also treat the emissions from or within broiler houses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of BAC to remove NH3 volatilized from litter samples in a laboratory acid-trap system. Preliminary studies using NH3/air mixture indicated that the BAC capacity to adsorb NH3 was approximately double that of Vapure 612, a commercial carbon. In the litter emission study, the BAC and Vapure performance was comparable. Breakthrough for both carbons occurred within 14 hours of the test start. At the end of the 3 day test, the NH3 emission for BAC was 75% of the litter only control, whereas, the Vapure emission was 64% of the control. The results of the study demonstrate the potential for a cyclical waste utilization strategy in using broiler litter activated carbon to capture NH3 volatilized from litter.

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1. LITTER GENERATEDAMMONIA CAPTURED BYACTIVATED CARBONDERIVED FROM BROILERLITTERKari Fitzmorris Brisolara, ScD, MSPHLouisiana State University,Health Sciences CenterDana M. Miles, PhD and Isabel M. Lima, PhDUSDA Agricultural Research Service

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Analyze waste sources for their potential as activatedcarbons Create activated carbons and char from broiler litterusing steam activation to minimize cost and wasteproduction. Assess the physical properties of the carbons Determine the efficacy of the activated carbon andchar with regard to ammonia adsorption usinglaboratory-based direct-measurement experimentsfollowed by manure emissions studies. 3. COLLECTION 4. CARBON 5. ACTIVATEDCARBONSPoultry Cake Carbon 2500x Poultry Litter Carbon 250x 6. COST OF SOURCE MATERIAL FORACTIVATED CARBONBiosolid cost $3 to 10 / ton plus binder - pelletized.Bituminous coal $60 to 80 / ton plus binder -pelletized. (2010 average $60.88/ton)Saving of >6 times in source material for activatedcarbon 7. ACTIVATED CARBON MARKETIt is anticipated world demand for virgin activated carbon will rise 9.9 -17 percent yearly through 2014.The global market for activated carbon is forecast to reach a marketsize of 2.3 million metric tons by the year 2017One of the main drivers of growth is mercury control technology forindustrial air purification applications to meet new emissionsstandardsThe primary uses are currently water treatment and air purification3 largest players in the industry Calgon, Norit & MeadWestvaco.Calgon reported cost of products sold increased 8.4% to $95.5 million in the thirdquarter of 2011.There are NO carbons with good metals adsorbing propertiescurrently on the market.Current value for a high quality carbon is about $1.50+/lb. 8. COMMON SOURCES FOR ACTIVATEDCARBONBituminous coalCoconut shellsAlternative Sources Nut shells (pecan, walnut) Sugarcane bagasse Soybean hulls 9. ACTIVATED CARBON FROM WASTEBiosolids Most studies only examined pyrolyzed municipalwastes no activationOther wastes Tires Paper mill waste 10. COMPARISON WITH OTHERCARBONSSample Sample DescriptionOur carbons Made from pelletized manure, steam activated under N2Coal, coconutshell or woodbasedPUR RF Replacement Filter, coal derived, 10x20 mesh, originally in block forCalgon F300 Filtrasorb 300, GAC by Calgon Carbon for removal of organicpollutants from munic/indust wastewaters. Made frombituminous coal.Made from pelletized coal, ground coconutshells/sawdust, steam activated under N2Norit Darco Hg Powdered (