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Literacy scenario in Tripura
Indraneel Bhowmik
Lecture at NSS Special Camp , Women’s College Agartala
The traditional definition of literacy —
the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and
speak.
In modern contexts- reading and writing at a level adequate for communication, or at a
level that lets one understand and communicate ideas in a literate society, so as to take
part in that society.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):-
“Literacy is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute
and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves
a continuum of learning to enable an individual to achieve his or her goals, to develop
his or her knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in the wider society."
WHAT IS LITERACY?
When is a person considered "literate":
�able to sign his/her name
�able to read/write a simple sentence describing one's daily activities
�able to read and write, by his/her self-report (not based on a test)
�able to pass a written test of reading comprehension at a level comparable to
that achieved by an average student at grade 4
�able to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective
functioning in his/her community
Alternatively
A person is literate
�if s/he can both read and write a short simple statement
�describe his/her everyday life.
�A person is functionally literate if s/he can engage in all those activities in
which literacy is required for effective functioning of his/her group and
community and also for enabling him/her to continue to use reading, writing,
and calculation for his own and the community's development.
�A person is literate if s/he has completed 5 or more years of schooling.
NUMERACY
•Reading and writing numerals
1-100.
•Doing simple calculations
(without fraction) involving
addition and subtraction up to 3
digits, and multiplication and
division by 2 digits.
•Working knowledge of metric
units weights, measures
currency, distance, area and
unit of time.
•Broad idea of proportion and
interests (not involving
fractions) and their use in
practical situations.
WRITING
•Copying, with understanding, 7
words a minute.
•Taking dictation at 5 words a
minute.
•Writing with proper spacing
and alignment.
•Writing independently, short
letters and applications, and
filling in forms of day-to-day
use to the learner.
READING
•Reading aloud, with normal
accent, and at a speed of 30
words a minute, a simple
passage on a topic of interest
to the learner.
•Silent reading at 35 words a
minute, of small paragraphs in
simple language.
•Reading with understanding
the road signs, posters, simple
instructions and
newspapers/broadsheets
designed for neo-literates.
•Ability to follow simple written
passages relating to one's
working and living
environment.
LITERACY IN INDIAN POLICY- National Literacy Mission
Functional Literacy should take into account
Literacy: -“ A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding
in any language has been taken as literate. It is not necessary for a person to have
received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard for
being treated as literate. People who were blind and could read in Braille are treated
literates. A person who can neither read nor write or can only read but can not write
in any language is treated as illiterate. All children of age of six years or less, even
going to school and have picked up reading and writing are treated as literate.”
Literacy Rate: -Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total
population age 7 years and above.
THE CENSUS DEFINATIONS
Literacy Rate= (Number of literates/Population above 7 years) X 100
International Literacy Day
Nodal Agency--- UNESCO
Declaration on November 17, 1965.
1st celebrations in 1966.
Aim - highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies.
Some 774 million adults lack minimum literacy skills;
one in five adults is still not literate and two-thirds of them are women;
72.1 million children are out-of-school and many irregular & finally drops out.
South and West Asia has the lowest regional adult literacy rate (58.6%),
followed by sub-Saharan Africa (59.7%), and the Arab States (62.7%). {UNESCO’s
"Global Monitoring Report on Education for All (2006)" }
Clear connection between illiteracy and poverty,
between illiteracy and prejudice against women.
UNESCO’s Four Pillars
Learning to be: the right to self-definition and self-identification
Learning to know: the right to self-knowledge
Learning to do: the right to self-development
Learning to live together: the right to self-determination
•Millennium Development Goals- UN
‘Education For ALL’
•United Nations Literacy Decade [2003-2012]
The biennium celebration theme for 2007-2008
is
“Literacy and Health”.
International
Literacy Day 2008
has a strong
emphasis on
‘Literacy and
Epidemics’
with a focus on
communicable
diseases such as-
HIV, Tuberculosis &
Malaria
•Human Benefits - individual’s self-esteem, confidence and personal empowerment
•Political Benefits- political participation, democracy, ethnic equality, post conflict
situations
•Cultural Benefits- Cultural change, Preservation of cultural diversity
•Social Benefits- Health, Reproductive behaviour, Education, Gender Equality
•Economic Benefits- Economic Growth, Return to Investment
The benefits of literacy-
Literacy Spread- The World Over
Positive (+) correlation between literacy & development
Lowest literacy rates- Burkina Faso(12.8%), Niger (14.4%) & Mali (19%).
Uttar Pradesh (61.7)Mizoram (95.8)Female
Uttar Pradesh (76.8)Mizoram (96.4)Male
Uttar Pradesh (69.8)Mizoram (96.1)Person
Urban
Bihar (29.6)Kerala (86.7)Female
Bihar (57.1)Kerala (93.7)Male
Bihar (43.9)Kerala (90.0)Person
Rural
Bihar (33.1)Kerala (87.7)Female
Bihar (59.7)Kerala (94.2)Male
Bihar (47.0)Kerala (90.9)Person
Total
LowestHighest
Disparity- in India
8.28.660.65.518.79.515.7Gap
8579.281.495.883.57080.269.5Female
93.287.887.496.48988.789.785.2Male
89.283.984.796.186.379.385.378.3Person
Urban
17.916.510.17.6620.317.520.8Gap
60.55857.577.353.25750.736.9Female
78.474.567.684.959.277.368.257.7Male
69.766.862.881.356.367.359.747.8Person
Rural
16.115.69.745.819.816.720.3Gap
64.960.461.586.759.660.554.643.5Female
817671.290.765.480.371.363.8Male
73.268.866.688.862.670.563.354.3Person
Total
TripuraSikkimNagalandMizoramMeghalayaManipurAssamArunachal States
Literacy Situation in the North East India- 2001 Census
16.165.481.573.72001
20.949.770.660.41991
23.538.061.550.11981
19.021.240.231.01971
19.410.229.624.31961
14.308.022.315.51951
10.282.4612.747.951941
5.410.525.933.431931
13.201.1214.328.211921
7.140.928.064.761911
GapFemaleMalePersonYear
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Male
Female
Gap
Person
Literacy Scenario in Tripura
16.121.08.212.417.922.7Tripura
14.418.55.99.715.519.8North Tripura
19.221.89.98.719.722.0Dhalai
18.622.67.613.019.423.3South Tripura
15.020.78.512.417.723.8West Tripura
200119912001199120011991
TotalUrbanRuralDistrict/State
Gender Gap in Literacy
Source: THDR, 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001
Rural Urban Total
West Tripura South Tripura Dhalai North Tripura Tripura
44.668.067.281.8Tripura
38.761.471.883.7North Tripura
33.457.063.277.4Dhalai
38.463.468.484.0South Tripura
55.878.366.281.2West Tripura
FemaleMale FemaleMale
STSCDistrict/State
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
West Tripura South Tripura Dhalai North Tripura Tripura
SC Male SC Female ST Male ST Female
Literacy Rates Literacy Rates Literacy Rates Literacy Rates among the among the among the among the backward backward backward backward sectionssectionssectionssections
53.028.941.5Dumburnagar
81.066.374.0Jampuii hills46.118.533.1Chhamanu
63.142.953.4Dasda64.344.554.8Ambassa
85.072.278.8Kumarghat72.850.061.9Manu
78.259.869.3Pencharthal79.464.372.0Salema
62.836.249.9Damchhara71.650.761.5Mungiakami
88.176.782.6Panisagar69.953.361.9Kathalia
84.17077.2Kadamtala79.662.471.2Melaghar
73.95866.1Gournagar74.456.165.6Boxanagar
85.266.676.2Bishalgarh
68.645.657.5Ompi77.048.863.3Jampuijala
83.964.974.7Satchand87.172.980.2Dukli
64.839.152.4Rupaichhari84.468.076.5Jirania
61.135.848.9Karbuk76.454.665.6Mandai
77.658.768.4Bagafa79.860.470.6Teliamura
8062.771.7Hrishyamukh87.270.979.1Kalyanpur
8365.174.3Rajnagar75.756.566.2Tulashikhar
84.668.376.6Kakraban86.874.280.6Khowai
82.165.974.3Matabari84.563.474.1Pabmabil
70.946.459.0Amarpur71.750.461.2Hezamara
64.842.853.7Killa81.565.673.9Mohanpur
MaleFemalePersonArea NameMaleFemalePersonArea Name
33.1- 61.9
62.0 - 70.6
76.1- 82.7
70.7-76.0
The LITERACY SPREAD
People need literacy skills-
�to read a bus schedule or the daily newspaper,
�to calculate the dosage for medication,
�to use a computer program, or
�to follow and engage in a debate about government policy.
Being able to read, understand, and act on written material and basic numerical
information is fundamental for parents, students, workers, community members, and
citizens.
At the individual level, low literacy skills have an impact on people’s ability to support
themselves and their family. Low income, poor health, and social exclusion are all
associated with low literacy.
At the economic and societal level, low literacy skills can be a barrier to having the
highly skilled productive work force and strong thriving communities that underpin a high
standard of living.
Let us
all strive
towards
the
goal……………
………..