DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (WEST TRIPURA, TRIPURA)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (WEST TRIPURA, TRIPURA)

1 | P a g e Prepared by RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.

CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE

This District Survey Report (DSR) of West Tripura District, Tripura, has been prepared by RSP

Green Development and Pvt. Ltd., Howrah, West Bengal, India.

Any reproduction, direct or indirect other than for the specific purpose for which the report

has been prepared, should not be carried out, without prior written consent of RSP Green

Development and Pvt. Ltd. and Govt. of Tripura.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Last but not the least, RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. Record their sincere thanks and

gratefulness to the Government functionaries of Tripura and prominent citizens of West

Tripura district and also the villagers in and around the villages who have offered their

fullest cooperation unhesitatingly but for which the execution of the work would have not

become as smooth as it has been.



With Thanks ……………….

Depertment Respected Person(s) Designation

Forest

Respected Dr. Alind Rastogi, IFS, PCCF & HoFF “ Shri Premananda Debbarma,

IFS DFO

“ Shri Chitta Rn. Deb Barma, SDFO “ Shri Chandan Bardhan SDFO “ Shri Khagendra Deb Barma SDFO All Officers Forest Dept (H.O)

District Administration

Respected Shri Sandeep Mahatme, IAS District Magistrate (DM) “ Shri Nantu Ranjan Das Senior District Magistrate All Officers & Others Officers

DSTE

Respected Shri Shivanand S. Talawar IFS Director “ All Officers Science, Technology &

Environment Deptt

TSPCB

Respected Sri Manas Mukherjee Member Secretary

“ Dr. Mihir Kumar Das Scientist-C & HoO

All Officers Tripura State Pollution Control Board

Rural Development

Respected Swapan Das Chief Engineers

“ All Officers RD Depertment



Contents

Sl NO Chapter Page No 01 Preface 06-07 02 Introduction 08-09 03 General Profile of the District 10-26

04 Physio graphy of the District 27-27

05 Land use Pattern of the District 28-30

06 Geology 31-36 07 Mineral Wealth 37-45 08 Over view of Mining Activity in the

District 46-46

09 Details of Revenue Generated from Mineral Sector During last three years

47-47

10 Transport 48-49 11 Executive Summary 50-50



"Landaus patterns are an expression of deep political economic

and cultural structure; they do not change when an ecologist

or forester sounds the alarm that a country is losing its

resource base".

Anonymous



1. PREFACE

On 15 January 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of

India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure (x)m purpose and

structure of District Survey Report has been discussed. District Survey report (DSR) will be

prepared in every district for each minor mineral. The District Survey Report will guide

systematic and scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future

generation may be benefited at large.The guidelines of MoEF will support that fundamental

concept, promoting environmental protection, limiting negative physiological, hydrological

and social impacts under pinning sustainable economic growth. Sand is naturally occurring

granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles between 115 µ to

4.75 mm in diameter (IS 383-1970). Sand is formed due to weathering of rocks due to

mechanical forces. In the process the weathered rocks form gravel at first and then sand. It

is also felt that the grater use of substitute material (manufactured sand, artificial sand etc.)

and construction technology and sustainable use of the resource could drastically reduce

adverse impact of mining on the environment. The broad principal on which any sustainable

sand mining guidelines or policy can be based is that river or natural resources must be

utilized for the benefit of the preset and future generation, so river resources should be

prudently managed and developed.

The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) "identification of areas of aggradations or

deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity

to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and

calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after

mining in that area". The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and

endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth

details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining

and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture,

Road, Transportation and climate etc.

Total area of the district contracted to 983.63 sq.km. Tripura was known as 'Hill Tipperah' and

the very much nomenclature is suggestive of its hilly nature of undulating surface made

uneven by inter-sparsed low hills. A series of hill ranges running north and south divide the

territory into broad parallel valleys, consisting of undulating tillas (hillocks) covered with

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Tipperah



jungle with totuous streane. There are six principal hill ranges in the State increasing in

height as one moves west to east (from the sumit of the ranges one has a striking view of the

surroundings, a heaving monetary of evergreen landscape). Out of the six principal ranges,

Baramura and Deotamura ranges and Atharamura ranges partly fall within West Tripura.

Disclaimer: - The data may vary due to flood, heavy rains and other natural calamities.

Therefore, it is recommended that DEIAA may take into consideration all its relevant aspects

/ data while scrutinizing and recommending the application for EC to the concerned

Authority.



2. INTRODUCTION

West Tripura is an administrative district in the state of Tripura in India. The district

headquarters are located at Agartala, which is also the capital of the State. As of 2012 it is the

most populous district of Tripura (out of 8). The West Tripura District is bounded by

Bangladesh in the north and west andKhowai district in the east and by Sepahijala district in

the south. After creation of four more new districts in the state of Tripura. The West Tripura

district lies approximately between latitude 23°16' to 24°14'N and longitude 91°09'E to 91°47'E.

In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic clay and hard

rock; all of these materials are being used to a variable degree. However, the single most

important resources in the state is oil and natural gas. ONGC has initiated massive

exploration programme in the state.

According to census 2011,West Tripura had population of 1,725,739 of which male and female

were 879,428 and 846,311 respectively.West Tripura Block of West Tripura district has total

population of 485,036 as per the Census 2011. Out of which 243,066 are males while 241,970

are females. In 2011 there were total 121,881 families residing in West Tripura Block.

The Average Sex Ratio of West Tripura Block is 995.

As per Census 2011, all of the population of West Tripura Block lives in rural areas. The

average literacy rate in rural area is 94.3% and the sex ratio of West Tripura Block is 995.

The population of Children of age 0-6 years in West Tripura Block is 43191 which is 9% of the

total population. There are 22077 male children and 21114 female children between the age

0-6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of West Tripura Block is 956 which

is less than Average Sex Ratio ( 995 ) of West Tripura Block.

The total literacy rate of West Tripura Block is 94.3%. The male literacy rate is 87.34% and the

female literacy rate is 84.46% in West Tripura Block.



Map 1: Administrative Map of West Tripura District

Source : West Tripura District Profile



3. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

a) GENERAL INFORMATION

Geographical Area: -The District covers an area of about 983.63 sq km. Out of the six principal

ranges, Baramura and Deotamura ranges and Atharamura range partly fall within West

Tripura.

Baramura Deotamura Range : The portion of the above ranges lying in West Tripura District is

the Baramura range which is almost 47 km. having the highest peak Saisum Sib (249 m)

Atharamura Range : This range starts from Amarpur Sub-division of South Tripura District and

then enters into the Khowai Sub-division of West Tripura and runs along the border of WEst

Tripura and North Tripura District. Its highest peak in the West Tripura District is

Niungnanwra (481 m) The district occupies an area of 2997 km².

Geographical Position:- West Tripura is an administrative district in the state

of Tripura in India. The district headquarters are located at Agartala. It is connected through

National Highway (NH-44). Agartala airport is located within 2 kms from the NW national

border. Agartala Railway Station is located near Arundhuti Nagar and Dukli. District is

bounded by Bangladesh in the north and westandKhowai district in the east and by

Sepahijala district in the south. after creation of four more new districts in the state of

Tripura. The West Tripura district lies approximately between latitude 23°16' to 24°14'N and

longitude 91°09'E to 91°47'E.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agartala



Map 2: Location Map of West Tripura District




Administrative Divisions (Sub-Divisions, Blocks): - This District is administratively set up

with three Sub-Divisions: Sadar, Mohanpur, Jirania.

DISTRICT

SUB DIVISION/

MAHAKUMA

REVENEU CIRCLE TEHSIL

WEST TRIPURA

SADAR

AGARTALA AGARTALA WEST, BARJOLA, RAMNAGAR, BARDOALI

DUKLI BIKKRAM NAGAR, SURJAMANI NAGAR, DUKLI, BADHARGHAT, SRINAGAR

AGARTALA EAST AGARTALA EAST, INDRANAGAR, AVOYNAGAR, JOGENDRANAGAR

JIRANIA JIRANIA JIRANIA, MANDAINAGAR, PURBA BARJOLAI, CHAMPAKNAGAR, SIBNAGAR, BELABARI, PATANIPARA, KHYERPUR, LAKKHIPUR, MAJLISPUR, PURBO NOAGAON, UTTAR CHAMPAMURA

MOHANPUR MOHANPUR MOHANPUR, PASCHIM SIMNA, SANKHOLA, BAIKANTHAPUR, CHANDPUR, TARANAGAR, KALKALIA, FATIKCHHARA, BAMUTIA, BODHJANGNAGAR, DEBENDRA CHANDRA NAGAR, GANDHIGRAM, LANKAMURA, LEFUNGA



General profile of the Districts

Geographical Area 983.63 sq.km. Forest area 154.08 sq.km.

Agricultural Land 393.45 sq.km. Sub-Division SADAR, MOHANPUR & JIRANIA Blocks 9 R.D. BLOCKS; DUKLI, BAMUTIA,

LEFUNGA, MOHONPUR, HEZAMARA, JIRANIA, MANDAL, BELBARI,OLD AGARTALA

Village 274 NOS. Population 9,88,192 (2011 Census) Population Density 1005 Rural Population 5,77,453 Urban Population 4,10,739 Cultivated Land 40% OF THE DISTRICTS AREA Irrigable Land 14,623 Ha No. of River 01

No. of Stream(Charra) 33 NOS.

b) CLIMATIC CONDITION

The State of Tripura as a whole and West Tripura District in particular experiences humid

sub-tropical type of climate. There is one Meteorological Observatory at Agartala having the

facility to record temperature and other weather information. The normal temperature of

the district is 25.2°C. The daily maximum temperature and minimum mean temperatures are

30.70°C and 19.50°C respectively during summer months. The cold weather starts from about

the end of November when the temperature of both day and night decreases steadily.

January is the coldest month when mean daily minimum temperature is only 8.9°C and

maximum temperature is 25.2°C.

The average annual rainfall of the district is around 2345 millimetre and lasts for a period of

about five months from April to September.



c) RAINFALL (MONTH-WISE) AND HUMIDITY(In mm)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1990 3.32 34.41 96.92 283.83 211.56 340.40 517.31 135.58 379.24 163.48 53.01 13.48

1991 12.15 20.96 74.33 65.40 378.58 381.52 386.25 498.37 266.91 371.60 14.54 26.45

1992 6.55 19.49 9.38 55.59 312.03 343.70 640.41 433.55 277.15 111.03 14.42 11.21

1993 25.3

8 23.35 84.00 133.44 402.54 640.22 613.17 491.58 370.38 86.84 19.76 0.00

1994 9.66 28.16 153.02 156.99 254.29 444.49 421.30 501.45 148.79 60.94 18.19 2.73

1995 11.70 19.89 3.62 86.95 269.29 441.24 492.03 479.72 229.36 35.51 127.51 0.78

1996 0.22 16.54 88.47 201.31 501.43 377.80 377.42 500.62 243.93 153.08 3.55 0.43

1997 4.42 5.48 69.92 134.44 157.07 297.22 708.14 400.02 425.32 42.44 9.80 19.26

1998 6.81 7.13 79.13 179.27 385.26 319.70 660.44 690.02 180.34 75.73 104.57 0.00

1999 3.20 2.73 13.58 27.27 431.35 322.89 483.25 434.83 217.42 198.99 28.10 1.99

2000 11.63 25.89 36.60 286.91 500.71 156.34 291.61 538.98 246.71 111.47 22.46 4.64

2001 2.05 7.41 64.07 125.09 401.38 455.19 349.96 558.75 214.29 211.16 38.52 1.30

2002 17.14 4.36 36.62 251.27 271.59 634.78 569.48 400.19 248.23 90.43 45.41 1.13



Fig 1: Bar diagram of Average rainfall , West Tripura

Fig 2: Pie chart of Average rainfall, West Tripura

2.5 2.5 411

21.5

36

22.5

14.5 14

27.5

21

7.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Rainfall in centimeters

1%1%

2%

6%

12%

20%

12%

8%

8%

15%

11%

4%

RAINFALL IN cms

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER



d) TOPOGRAPHY & TERRAIN

In general, it is an area of subdued macro-relief compared with the eastern sector of the

Indo-Burman Ranges bordering Mizoram. One prominent north-south trending ridge

namely Baramura exist in this region. The maximum and minimum elevations are around

300 m and 10 m above mean sea level (MSL), respectively. The minimum elevation (lOrn) is

found on the bank of Haora river around Agartala. The ridges get gradually subdued towards

north. In the Haora and adjacent valleys, the dissected topography makes a spectacular

landscape with its pattern of low mounds and intricate net-work of gullies. The dissected

terrace, the low valley flats and the trunk channels in general, gently slope towards west.

e) WATER COURSE & HYDROLOGY

The following rivers flow within the West Tripura districts :

The main water course of West Tripura is Haora river. Beside this there are many stream and

chharas (listed later). The description Haora river is given below.

Haorariver: It rises from the Baramura range and its tributaries are Dowaigang, Ghoramara

and Debda on the right bank and Charupanadi, Dhobatilachhera and Bangeswargang on the

left bank. The length of Haora river is 53 kms. and it flows towards west and enters into

Bangladesh by side of Agartala town, the capital of the State.

Burigang: It rise from Baramura and flows towards west and ultimately enters into

Bangladesh. There are long river valleys extending over a vast area in different sub-

divisions formed mostly of deep alluvial deposits with rich fertility excellently suited for the

cultivation of paddy, jute, oil seeds, spices, fruits and vegetables would be evident from the

aforementioned position. The source of all rivers are in Tripura itself. Due to the

indiscriminate felling of trees, the ecology of Tripura is being affected to a great extent.

Human beings and trees belong to the category of living species. There is a gap of feeling

which might be attributed to the factors of immediate benefit as the very question of

subsistence is involved particularly when the majority of the people in Tripura are below

poverty line. Exploitation and not extinction should be the way of life. If that be the case the

forest resources which are national wealth should be preserved in such a way that they are



exploited and not extinct. Else danger is inherent in expressing their displeasure. The signs

of danger, are apparent when we see erosion of soils due to indiscriminate felling of trees.

There is uneven rainfall. Water flows merry- go-round. It carries sands which turn into

deposits causing heavy damage to fertile lands which are going to be scarce particularly

when the population is increasing in geometrical progression.

Map 3: River system map, West Tripura District




f) GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT

The tube wells are installed with water jet method and rotary rig method

(direct/reverse).Static water level is in the range of 10-15m below ground level. Numbers of

water ponds are also there which augment village water supply. Rainfall is high in the range

of 1800-2000 mm annually. The study area is mostly dominated by dense vegetation. Paddy

cultivation is practiced based on the rainfall.

g) DRAINAGE SYSTEM (GENERAL)

Trellis drainage pattern is found in pockets in the western flanks of the Atharamura and

occasionally in the southern sectors of the Baramura. Dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage

pattern characterize the upper-most terrace. However, dendritic to sub- dendritic drainage

patterns are also observed in parts of the Baramura, specially in the northern limits. The

trellis drainage in the hill range is a rule where strike ridges are present and it is developed

due to the alternating hard and soft bands of sandstone and siItstone or shale. The dendritic

drainage in the valley regions is attributed to the homogeneous and flat-lying

unconsolidated formations with uniform resistance. Thus the drainage pattern of the present

area has dominant lithological and structural controls.



Map 4 : Drainage pattern Map of West Tripura district




h) DEMOGRAPHY

Tripura is the second most populous state in the North-East India, next only to Assam. Once

the indigenous Borok communities dominated the state, but at present the ST population

comprising of 19 tribes has become a minority in its own land due to the large influx of

immigrants mainly the Bengali-speaking people from Bangladesh (Debbarma, 2009)

(According to census 2011)

(ref: DIARY 2018, GOVT. OF TRIPURA)

Fig 3: Bar Diagram of Population (Male & Female), West Tripura

440000

445000

450000

455000

460000

465000

470000

MALE POPULATION FEMALE POPULATION

NO OF POPULATION

PARAMETERS PARTICULARS

TOTAL POPULATION 918200

MALE POPULATION 466152

FEMALE POPULATION 452048

OVERALL LITERACY RATE (%) 91.07

MALE LITERACY RATE (%) 94.04

FEMALE LITERACY RATE(%) 88.01

FEMALE PER THOUSAND MALES 970



Fig 4: Pie Chart of Population (Male & Female), West Tripura

i) CROPPING PATTERN

Agricultural scenarioof the West Tripura district differs to some extent from that obtained in

other two districts in regard to topography, soil, extent of rainfall, variation in temperature

and humidity which have resulted in difference in cropping pattern also from that of the

other two districts. Since the end of Princely regime, agricultural development in the State

has been attached with the priority of the highest magnitude to enrich the State with the

integrated approach on agricultural development after merging of the state with Union of

India. An all out effort has been taken in the Government sector to wean way the tribals. The

practice of jhum cultivation is also a common phenomenon in the study area. The plain land

people also were satisfied to grow single crop preferably paddy without having any

knowledge and experience of improved method of cultivation for growing multiple crops.

The situation changed after 1950 with the abrupt increase in population due to heavy influx of

people from the erstwhile East Pakistan and a consequent decrease of per capita cultivable

land as a result of sudden pressure on land. Agricultural sector received continuous

intensive stress in all the five year plans due to imperative necessity for increasing

production. The rainfall being the controlling feature for choice of crops posed as a problem

in absence of minimum irrigation facilities. The availability of cultivable land is also limited in

the State as almost 55 per cent of the area is hills and hillocks where normal cultivation

NO OF POPULATION

MALE POPULATION

FEMALE POPULATION



cannot be practiced. Another constraints for better agriculture practice is the minimum size

of the operational holdings. The paucity of plain land available for cultivation of cereal crops

is also an imperative reason for attaching more stress on exploring possibility of

horticultural development on hill land and introduction of plantation crops of economic

value like black pepper, cocoa, coffee, cinamom, high yielding early maturing varieties of

cashewnut, dwarf varieties like rabi, wheat, groundnut, moong, maximum utilization of land

by growing multiple crops.

(ref: DISTRICT PROFILE, WEST TRIPURA, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA)

Fig 5: Bar Diagram of cropping Pattern, West Tripura

79904

241

17876

37392

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

GROSS CROPPED AREA CURRENT FALLOW HORTICULTURAL AREA NET CROPPED AREA

AREA (in Hactare)

PARTICULARS AREA (in Hectare)

GROSS CROPPED AREA 79904

NET CROPPED AREA 37392

CURRENT FALLOW 241

HORTICULTURAL AREA 17876



Fig 6: Pie Chart of Cropping Pattern, West Tripura

j) LAND FORM AND SEISMICITY

Physiographically, the district can be divided into two divisions- (1) The hill ranges, and (2)

The valley / plain areas. The West Tripura district is Earthquake prone Zone-V.

k) FLORA

The forests of Tripura are varied. On the basis of large-scale studies in other North-Eastern

States, Deb(1981) considered the classification of forest types suggested by Champion and

Seth (1968) as better suited for describing and correlating the forest types in India. Deb‟s

description of the flora of Tripura has been followed here.

Based on climate (also altitude and longitude), the forests of Tripura are treated under

tropical forest types. They are grouped and described as follows:

A. Climate Types

B. Seral types

C. Subsidiary Edaphic types

GROSS CROPPED AREA, 79904

CURRENT FALLOW, 241

HORTICULTURAL AREA, 17876



Bamboo brakes widely in character and aspect cover very large areas in Tripura as in Burma

and Chittagong. Continuous bamboo forests are interrupted with scattered evergreen

treesor deciduous secondary stands. Sheltered hollows and other favourable sites are

dominated by bamboo. The vast preponderance of bamboo forest may be the result of

activity of man in his practice of shifting favourable for bamboo growth. It is also possible

that bamboo holds the ground as a primary edaphic sub-climax.

(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/flora)



Map 5: Forest Map of West Tripura District




l) FAUNA

Wide variety of wild animals belonging to different groups are found in Tripura. The richness

of fauna could be attributed to its unique bio-geographical location and zoo-geographical

position. Literature shows that there were large populations of rhinoceros, elephant, tiger,

leopard, langurs and monkeys in Tripura (Gupta, 2000).

Of a total of 15 species of non-human primate in India, 7(46.70%) are documented from

Tripura (Gupta, 2000). These also include some of the highly rare, endemic and endangered

species, viz., Hoolock gibbon, slow loris, capped langur, Phayre‟s langur, stump-tailed

macaqueand pig-tailed macaque. The other endangered and threatened mammalian

species in Schedule 1 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 are elephant, sloth bear, Indian wolf,

Binturong, leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, Chinese pangolin and serrow, etc.

Seven primate species have been documented in Tripura out of a total 15 found in India. Of

these Primates, slow loris and stumped tailed monkeys have become rare. Phayre‟s leaf

monkey (locally known as „Chashma Banar‟), has a very restricted distribution in India, and is

found in Tripura. Hoolock gibbon is the only ape found in India, and its population has been

rapidly dwindling in Tripura.

(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/fauna)



4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

The area represents the western fringe of the Neogene fold mountain belt which runs as an

arcuate spine separating India from Burma. The different segments of this belt are known as

the Lushai, Naga, Patkai and Arakan Hills or the Indo-Burman Ranges (Purbachal Range).

This constitutes a text-book example of the 'valley and ridge‟ (Structural) province. Haora

drains from east to west, into the deltaic plains of Bangladesh.

Physiographically, the district can be divided into two divisions- (1) The hill ranges, and (2)

The valley / plain areas.



5. LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT:

LAND TYPE USED AREA (in Hactare)

TOTAL FOREST AREA 15408

UNCLASSIFIED GOVERNMENT FOREST 3191

RESERVE FOREST 12206

PROTECTED FOREST 1.1

GROSS CROPPED AREA 79904

NET CROPPED AREA 37392

CURRENT FALLOW 241

HORTICULTURAL AREA 17876

Rest of the area used as built up and other purpose.

Fig 7: Bar diagram of land use pattern, West Tripura

15408

3191

12206

1.1

79904

37392

241

17876

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000

TOTAL FOREST

UNCLASSIFIED GOVT. FOREST

RESERVE FOREST

PROTECTED FOREST

GROSS CROPPED AREA

NET CROPPED AREA

CURRENT FALLOW

HORTICULTURAL AREA

AREA USED (in Hactare)



Map 6: Land use / land cover map, West Tripura




Map 7: Forest Classification Map, West Tripura District




6. GEOLOGY:

The rock formations of Tripura range in age from the Lower Tertiary (40 m.y.old) to the

Recent. Thebase of the sequence is not exposed in Tripura. The generalised geological

succession (DirectorGeneral, GSI, 1974) is given in following table.

Group Sub-Group Formation Rock type

Recent Recent (Unconformity)

Unconsolidated silt, and clay with decomposed vegetable matter and gravels

Dupitila Dupitila (Unconformity)

Sandy clays, clayey sandstone, ferruginous sandstone with pockets of plastic clay, silica and

laterite.

Tipam Tipam Champanagar Sandstone, occasional sandy shale and abundant lumps of fossil wood

Manu Bazar Sandstone with laminated layers and lenses of sandy shale, siltstone and mudstone.

Surma (Contact transitional)

Boka Bill

Thinly bedded repetition of sandstone, siltstone/shale, mudstone and ferruginous

sandstone.

Bhuban Hard compact sandstone, olive shale, sandy shale and siltstone repetitions

The succession shows that the Neogene sedimentaries of Tripura are classified into the

older Bhubans and the younger Boka Bils of the Surma Group, which is conformably overlain

by the Tipam Groupcomprising Tipan sandstone.The Tipam Group is overlain by the Dupitilas

with an erosional breakupon which lies the Quaternary alluvium separated by an

unconformity.

The major structural trend (N 15°W- S 15°E to N 15° E - S 15°W) in the area is consistent with

the regional trend. The axial plane trace of the Baramura anticline has a westward convexity.

The stratigraphy, structure and geomorphic pattern reveal that the ridges are anticlines and

valleys synclines, suggesting immature topography and early stage of morpho-tectonic

evolution. The folds are characterised by open anticlines alternating with broad synclines.

Besides, there are some low, dome-shaped folds in the western part of Tripura, running en-

echelon from north to south. The intensity of fold movement progressively increases

towards east as evidenced by increase in amplitude and decrease in wave langth of the



folded strata. Strike faults and oblique faults trending NE-SW to ENE-WSW, have affected

the fold geometry of the strata.

Geologically the underlying rocks of the Haora River basin comprise Dupitila formation of

the Pleistocene age striking NNW-SSE, dipping both westerly and easterly directions. The

sandstone being porous, it contains absorbed water in the pore spaces, which comes out to

the surface along the interface with the underlying shale layer and causes inundation in the

low lying area which also happens to be the synclinal trough.



Map 8: Geological map of West Tripura District




Detailed Sedimentation Study:

Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a drainage basin. In a

drainage system, streams or rivers always connect together to form networks. Many factors

such as topography, soil type, bedrock type, climate and vegetation cover influence input,

output and transport of sediment and water in a drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These

factors also influence the nature of the pattern of water bodies (Twidale, 2004). As a

consequence, drainage pattern can reflect geographical characteristics of a river network to

a certain extent. There are several types of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been

done on the description of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967;

Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006). In addition, sediment transport knowledge is

important in river restoration, ecosystem protection, navigation, watershed studies and

reservoir management. Bed load represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural

rivers. Fluvial sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be

divided into bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport. Bed load is

transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling, sliding, or jumping (Adegbola,

2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load transport in natural rivers is a complicated

phenomenon. Its movement is quite uneven in both the transverse and longitudinal

directions, which vary considerably.

Erosion has been defined as the detachment of soil and rock fragments or particles from

their initial resting place by water and other geological agents such as wind, ice, volcanoes,

earthquakes, etc. Geological erosion and soil erosion are the two basic terms usually used to

describe the erosion processes. A third term used in this report is water course erosion

which is predominately stream bank or channel erosion and in some cases is a part of both

the geological and soil erosion processes. Although man's activities have had their greatest

effect on soil erosion and water course erosion, he has suffered and felt the effects of all

forms of erosion and deposition of sediments. Geological erosion is the erosion that has

scarred the earth's surface creating mountains, chasms, flood plains, deserts, and deltas

under natural or relatively undisturbed conditions. Weathering is a process of rock

disintegration by mechanical and chemical processes and in this report is considered to be a

part of the geological erosion processes.



GEOLOGICAL EROSION is caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows,

and gullying and has to a varying degree been influenced by man's activities and may require

partial control by man.

SOIL EROSION is more closely associated with agricultural land because by definition soil is

the unconsolidated mineral or organic material that will support plant growth. Soil particles

located on the surface of agricultural lands, forest lands, or grazing lands are detached by

rainfall or eroded away by surface runoff. This may take place in the form of sheet erosion

with a thin sheet of water flowing down a gentle upland slope. Rill erosion is another form

with runoff occurring in well-defined yet small incisions in the land surface. Gully erosion is

the dissection of the soil surface with a deep cut in the land channel formed below an uncut

reach thus creating a sudden break in surface slope.

WATER COURSE EROSION is the erosion of a stream channel's bank and bed caused by

flowing water. A river channel or water course transports or carries sediment that

originates from surface runoff in the upland reaches by the erosion processes previously

described of geological or soil erosion. The water course's ability to transport its sediment

load is dependent on channel velocity or energy. If the upland sediment inflow to the river

channel or water course is low then there is unspent energy which will pick up or erode the

bank and bed of the channel. A meander pattern may develop with erosive forces active on

the bank and bed of the channel on the outside or concave bends in the water course

meander. A more spectacular and unusual form of water course erosion is a waterfall with

the erosive forces of water acting on a more resistant geological formation.

DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT is the end product of the sedimentation cycle. Temporary

deposition of the rock or soil particle is the most common form that is visible in earth's

surface landscape development. As previously described a single particle of sediment may

be deposited in a flood plain and wait thousands of years in a stream bank before being

eroded away. In considering a river basin of any size, large or small, sediment particles once

moved by any of the erosive forces described may be temporarily deposited at any point.

Typical depositional environments are mountain valleys, talus slopes along mountain



foothills or high plateaus, gravel plains below steeper mountain channels, alluvial fans,

flood plains and deltas.

Methodology: The catchment area of river will be analyzed with the help of ArcGIS approach.

The mined affected area of the river will be measured through ArcGIS approach and ground

based survey by GPS approach. The stretch of the mined area of river is divided into various

segments depending on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at

each segment is collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-morphological

patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Besides,

the mined affected area of the river is divided in to various segments to analyze grain size

distribution in river bed.

Bedload :- The mixture of sediment that composes a streambed. Bed load is stationary, but

particle size is important to sediment transport because as energy level of a stream

increases, some particles of bed loadare mobilized and become part of the suspended load.

In this report, composition of bed load or bed material is defined by particle-size distribution.

Suspended sediment Load:-usually small particles, suspended by turbulence of the flow or

existing as colloids, and transported at about the same downstream velocity as the flowing

water. Suspended sediment is distributed at all depths in flowing water. In this report,

annual suspended sediment load is expressed as concentration in milligrams per liter.In this

report, annual suspended-sediment load is expressed in tonnes. Suspended-sediment

discharge,a computed value of the quantity (weight) of suspended sediment per unit time,

also referred to as suspended-sediment transport rate.

Total sediment load:- The sum of bed load and suspended sediment load is called total

sediment load. In this report, total sediment load is expressed in tonnes. Total sediment

discharge is defined as the sum of bed load discharge and suspended-sediment discharge.



7. MINERAL WEALTH:

Overview of mineral resources

The mineral resources of any state provide an avenue for economic development but the process of mining may have extensive impact on land, soil and water resources. The mining projects have as a consequence become a part of development sector requiring environmental clearance under Environmental Protection Act, 1986, EIA Notification 1994. In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic clay and hard rock; all of these material are being used to a variable degree. However, the single most important resource in the state is oil and natural gas. ONGC or Oil and Natural Gas Commission has initiated massive exploration programme in the State. Details of clay deposit in Tripura havebeen dealt in the State of Environment Report for

Tripura (1989). The impact of mining and quarrying of mineral resources in Tripura has so far

been insignificant.

Mineral Resource of Tripura

Mineral Location Uses Hard Rock Jampui Hills

Longatari Hill

Road metals

Limestone Sakhan&Jampui Range

Manpui area

(990,000 t. reserve)

Not suitable Cement

Suitable for inferior quality of Lime Puzzolana mix.

Clay All over the State generally in river bank deposit

Good clay deposit in West and South region.

Total 1.73 million ton deposit in four zone out of six zones*

[* Mohanpur-Bamutia-Kamalghat; Bisramganj-Bagma;

Champamura-Baldakhal-Jogendranagar; Khowai-Teliamura-

Ampi; Shantirbazar-Udaipur; Kumarghat and Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar- Maheshkhola-Dukli-

Sonamura area]

Sanitary ware

Stone wares

Sewerage pipes

Electric insulator

Refractory grade



Mineral Location Uses Glass Sand Bishramganj (160,000t)

Old Agartala (16,000t)

Jogendranagar (3627t)

Sekerkota (80,000t)

Dasharambari (5330t)

Mohanpur (97,875t)

Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar Maheshkhola and Dukli (NA)

Total Reserve 3,62,832 tonnes

Many uses

[Source: GSI Report 1982, 1999] Of the total geographical area of Tripura, 76% can be marked as of “Tertiary” origin and

24% belong to Quaternary period; none of these contain any major mineral resource. A

GSI Report of 1982 providesa list of Non-metallic and metallic mineral vis-a-vis their

location or otherwise in Tripura indicating the poor profile.

Mineral Resource potential in Tripura

Sl. No. Mineral Status A. Non-metallic 1. Limestone Commodity not located or absent 2. Dolomite Commodity not located or absent 3. Coal Commodity not located or absent 4. Clay Commodity not located or absent 5. Refractories Commodity not located or absent 6. Glass sand Good reserve, low grade 7. Graphite Commodity not located or absent 8. Fertilizer Commodity not located or absent 9. Gravel, sand, silt Good reserve, low grade

10. Building stone Commodity not located or absent B. Metallic 11. Ferrous Commodity not located or absent 12. Non-ferrous Commodity not located or absent 13. Noble metals Commodity not located or absent

[Source: GSI Report 1982]



The current production of natural gas is estimated at one million cubic meters per day.

The available figure for 1990-91 to 1997-98 shows a fast increasing rate of production

from 70 million tonnes per year in 1990-91 to 2.7x in 8 years reaching 196 million tonnes in

1997-98.

Sand and other river bed minerals

a) Drainage system

Drainage system with description of main rivers/Cherras

Sl .No Name of the River

or Stream

Total length of the

river in the district

in km.

Area drained (in

sqkm)

% area

drained in the

district

1 Haora 53.3 1.59 100%

2 Chichima chera

(stream)

13 0.13 Do

3 Goramara chera

(stream)

19 0.171 Do

4 Dhupchera

(stream)

14 0.112 Do

5 Dibitala chera

(stream)

13.5 0.148 Do

6 Lohar river 0.210 Do

7 Sonai river 0.346 Do

8 Akhalia cherra 8.5 0.085 Do

9 Lakhi cherra 7.5 0.075 Do

10 Brahmakunda 5 0.05 Do

11 Kambuk cherra 3 0.03 Do

12 Subalsing cherra 5 0.05 Do

13 Baloa cherra 10 0.10 Do

14 Rubri cherra 10 0.10 Do

15 Mosrai cherra 6 0.06 Do



16 Daiga cherra 12 0.12 Do

17 Bangeshwari river 10 0.010 Do

18 Sinai river 12 0.012 Do

TOTAL 3.399

b) Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams/Charras:

Sl.No. Name of the River or

Stream

Place of Origin Altitude at origin

(in meter) 1 Haora river Baramura hills 23.6

1 Akhalia chara Do 40

2 Lakhi chara Do Do

3 Brahmakunda Do 20

4 Kambuk chara Do Do

5 Subalsing chara Do Do

6 Baloa chara Do Do

7 Rubri chara Do Do

8 Mosrai chara Do Do

9 Daiga chara Do Do

10 Bangeshwari river Do Do

11 Sinai river Do Do

12 Chichima chera (stream) Raj Malsam 67.3

13 Goramara chera (stream)

Baramura

catchment

47.1

14 Dhupchera(stream) Do 27.1

15 Dibitala chera (stream) Gangia Twisa 67.3



(ii) ANNUAL DEPOSITION OF RIVERBED MINERALS

Annual Deposition

Mandwi sub division

Portion of the

river or

stream

recommended

for mineral

concession

Length of area

recommended

for mineral

concession (in

kilometer)

Average width

of area

recommended

for mineral

concession (in

Meter)

Area

recommended

for mineral

concession (in

Square Meter)

Minerable

mineral

potential (in

metric tonne)

(60% of total

mineral

Potential)

Not yet

recommended by the

DEIAA/DEAC

Although the recommendation for mineral

concession has not been made

but the potential

location are given below:

I. Haora river= 21kms

II. Chichima chera= 13

kms III. Goramara

chera= 19kms

IV. Dhupchera= 14kms

V. Dibitala chera=

13.5kms

I. Haora river= 50m

II. Chichima chera= 10m

III. Goramara chera= 9m

IV. Dhupchera= 8m

V. Dibitala chera= 11m

Not yet recommended

by the DEIAA/DEAC

31650



Sadar sub division

SI No. Name of

Range

River or

Stream

Portion of the

river or

stream

recommended

for mineral

concession

Length

of area

recomm

ended

for

mineral

concessi

on (in

kilomet

er)

Average

width

of area

recomm

ended

for

mineral

concessi

on (in

Meter)

Area

recomme

nded

for

mineral

concessio

n (in

Square

Meter)

Minerable

mineral

potential

(in

metric

tonne)

(60% of

total

mineral

Potential)

1 Mohanpur Lohar river

Lefunga-Katabari, Rajghat,

Kheora bari

0.8 7 5600 48000

2 Sonai river

Abhicharan,Dighalia,

Kalachara, Mantala,

Bijoynagar, Kalagachia, Lakhi chara.

3.0 7 21000

3 Subalsing Sonai river

Esraibazar, Barkathal

0.16 6 960 78000

4 Lakhi Chara

Sarat Choudhury

para

0.15 6 900

5 Akhali

a chara

Panchabati 0.15 6 900

6 Sadar Haora river

Baldakhal, Uttar

Champamura, Paschim

Champamura.

2.0 20 40000 220800

7 Banges

hwari

river

Jarulbachai

VC

3.0 7 21000



8 Sinai river

Kanchanmala GP

1.5 6 900

Total 10.76 6.5 91260 578000

Evaluation based on following parameters:

a) Geomorphological studies

i) Place of origin: Place of origin of most of the river and cherras are Baramura hills, Raj

Malsam, Baramura catchment, Gangia Twisa.

ii) Catchment area: The catchment area of river Haora is about 457.92 sq. km.

iii) General profile of river:

Profile of Haora river




iv) Annual deposition factor

It depends on load carrying capacity of the flowing river along withthe competency and

capacitance of river. Provenance of sediment, mode of transport, quantity of suspended load

and bed load, rate of sedimentation,settling velocity of sediments all together enhance the

process of sedimentation giving high yield value of sand.

v) Relenishment: Replenishment of the sand takes place during monsoon season every year.

vi) Total potential of minor minerals in river bed: 578,000 tonnes of sand (Source: GSI report,

1982,1999)

b) Geological studies

i) Lithology of catchment area: Lithology comprising of sand, silt, clay, alluvium, sandstone,

shell and marshstone.

ii) Tectonics and structural behaviour of rocks: It is situated in seismicity prone zone V.

Structurally the area is highly deformed, different phases of folding presence; a series

of sub parallel arcuate, elongated, N-Strending doubly plunging fold. Anticlines are

separated by synclines. Environmental condition is this region is governed by local

tectonic movement. Structural behaviour of rocks: Open anticlines alternating with

broad synclines; strike faults and oblique faults also present; folds of en echelon pattern

also present.

c) Climatic factors

i. Intensity of rainfall: Average monsoon rainfall is 2345 mm.

ii. Climate zone: Tropical monsoon climate

iii. Temperature variation: Summer 19.5 ℃ -35 ℃, winter 8.9 ℃ -25.2 ℃

Concluding Remarks

Mining of minor minerals, though individually, because of smaller size of mine leases is

perceived to have lesser impact as compared to mining of major minerals. However, the

activity as a whole is seen to have significant adverse impacts on environment. It is,

therefore, necessary that the mining of minor minerals is subjected to simpler but strict

regulatory regime and carried out only under an approved framework of mining plan, which

should provide for reclamation and rehabilitation of the mined out areas. Further, while

granting mining leases by the respective State Governments "location of any eco-fragile



zone (s) within the impact zone of the proposed mining area, the linked Rules/ Notifications

governing such zones and the judicial pronouncements, if any, need be duly noted. The Union

Ministry of Mines along with Indian Bureau of Mines and respective State Governments

should therefore make necessary provisions in this regard under the Mines and Minerals

(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 and adopt model

Guideliness to be followed by all States (emphasis supplied)".



8. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

(a) General overview Sand lifting/mining used to take place mainly from the river and few streams from the

district for all purposes. There are no sand mines or quarries in West Tripura except rivers

and streams. The lifting of sand was carried out from river Haora and its tributaries in the

entire District. All illegal activities in regard to sand mining in the West Tripura have been

stopped till any decision received from the appropriate authority.

(b) List of existing mining leases of the districts with location, area, period for each minor

mineral.

Attached latter

(c ) Detail of production of sand and other minor minerals during last three years.

Year Sadar Mandwi District Total 2015-16 226995 Cum 104418 Cum 331413 Cum 2016-17 222423 Cum 109743 Cum 332166 Cum 2017-18 270990 Cum 102531 Cum 373521 Cum



9. DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM MINERAL SECTOR DURING LAST THREE YEARS.

Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years

Mandwi sub-Division:

Year Name of Forest Range Mandwi Champaknagar

2015-16 93,871/- 35,60,790/- 20116-17 54,539/- 37,86,505/- 2017-18 23,170/- 35,65,447/-

1018-19 (as on May, 2018) 20,201/- 8,87,015/- Sadar Sub-Division:

Year Name of Forest Range Mohanpur Subalsing Sadar

2015-16 17,55,495/- 23,153/- 61,66,224/- 2016-17 20,30,630/- 4,200/- 57,49,990/- 2017-18 22,99,535/- 9,765/- 71,75,370/-

Overall District: Year Mandwi Sub-

Division Sadar Sub-Division District Total

2015-16 36,54,661/- 79,44,872/- 1,15,99,553/- 2016-17 38,41,044/- 77,84,820/- 1,16,25,864/- 2017-18 35,88,617/- 94,84,670/- 1,30,73,287/-



10. TRANSPORT OR LOGISTIC SYSTEM West Tripura District headquarter is located in Agartala which is also the capital of the State

of Tripura. The district is bounded by Bangladesh in the north and west, by Khowai district in

the east and by Sepahijala District in the south. Total area of West Tripura District is 983.63

sq.km. Population in the district as per 2011 census is 9.18 lakhs with population density of

around 933 per sq. km. Literacy rate of West Tripura District is 97.43% (2016) whichis one the

highest in the country. Sex ratio is 970. The population consists of mainly non-tribal

population which is 78% of the District Population. Remaining Population mostly consist of

Tribal Communities mainly Tripuri, Chakma etc.

West Tripura District has three Sub-Divisions namely Sadar, Mohanpur & Jirania and nine

number of RD Blocks. It is having total 172 numbers of Gram Panchayats.It is the most

populous district of Tripura and thereby is having largest number of Assembly

Constituencies i.e. 14 (fourteen) number of Assembly Constituencies out of total 60 ACs. It is

most urbanized district of State of Tripura with urban population of about 54%. It is having 4

number of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) out of which the only Municipal Corporation in the

state i.e. Agartala Municipal Corporation is under West Tripura District.West Tripura District

is having all the essential infrastructure such as well developed Airport, Railway Station,

urban transportation and rural transportation facilities, all the Central Government & State

Government Head Offices, State Head offices of the all the Banks, Medical colleges,

engineering Colleges and other educational institutions including Central University and

various other amenities and institutions.

Rural part of West Tripura District is mainly dependent on agriculture and allied activities

.Paddy cultivation is the main agricultural activity. Also there are nineteen numbers of Tea

Estates which makes West Tripura District as largest producer of tea in the state of Tripura.

There are also two number of industrial estates in which industries like steel plant, plastic,

rubber based production etc exist.

Total International Border length is 77.86 KM out of which all the border has been fenced

except 0.552 KM at Mantala Village which is under progress. There are total 14 number of

police stations and 12 number of police outposts and 24 number of border outposts manned

by BSF.



Map 9: Transportation Map of West Tripura District




11. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) "identification of areas of aggradations or

deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity

to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and

calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after

mining in that area". The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and

endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth

details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining

and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture,

Road, Transportation and climate etc.

In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic clay and hard

rock; all of these materials are being used to a variable degree. However, the single most

important resources in the state is oil and natural gas. ONGC has initiated massive

exploration programme in the state.

In general, it is an area of subdued macro-relief compared with the eastern sector of the

Indo-Burman Ranges bordering Mizoram. One prominent north-south trending ridges

namely Baramura. The maximum and minimum elevations are around 300 m and 10 m above

mean sea level (AMSL), respectively.

There is a gap of feeling which might be attributed to the factors of immediate benefit as the

very question of subsistence is involved particularly when the majority of the people in

Tripura are below poverty line. Exploitation and not extinction should be the way of life. If that

be the case the forest resources which are national wealth should be preserved in such a

way that they are exploited and not extinct. Else danger is inherent in expressing their

displeasure. The signs of danger, are apparent when we see erosion of soils due to

indiscriminate felling of trees. There is uneven rainfall. Water flows merry- go-round. It

carries sands which turns into deposits causing heavy damage to fertile lands which are

going to be scarce particularly when the population is increasing in geometrical

progression.

APPENDEX A

SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY

SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING

1

Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY


01

TRIPURA

1. While attempting to prepare a model Guideline/Policy for the State,.

2. For environmentally sustainable sand mining a strict and comprehensive sand mining policy need to be framed .

3. To ease the process of EC granting, SEIAA may have benches across the state with each bench having a SEAC under it. Time bound clearance with ease of access and grant.

4. Working cum Environment Management Plan has been Made mandatory. The mining activities are allowed after submission of environment clearance.

5. Compliance Report is mandatory every 6 Month. (ie July, Dec.) Every 2 Year's Revised Mining Plan submit are mandatory.

6. Mining should be done in accordance with an approved mining plan.

7. EC Should be valid for settlement Periode subject to ceiling of five years.

8. Sand mining operation has to carried out between 6 am to 7 PM.

9. River width are between 30 meter to 90 meter, so 10% width river can be restricted for mining activities from the river bank.

APPENDEX A

SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY


2

Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY


01

TRIPURA

10. . Since the most of the main rivers of Tripura are of Perennial origin (i.e., water remains all through out the year) hand mining is not a suitable methodology. In this case, recovery of sands is not possible manually from river bed. To trigger the mining of sands & other minor minerals mechanised mining methods are to be adopted applying modern mining tools. Needless to say, in the case of river bed mining of perennial river, necessary arrangements for avoiding accidents/fatal are to be taken into account on priority basis: otherwise it may cause a huge loss of human property and the concerned mining project which ultimately will jeoperdise the economic viability of the entire project. So, mechanised mining may be allowed.

11. As per Guideline of SUSTAINABLE SAND MINNG GUIDELINE (Page No 85-92) Some State (Like Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, UP etc.)allowed Some Mechanised/Semi-mechanised Mining Process.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (WEST TRIPURA DISTRICT)

" To illustrate my meaning and intention more plainly,

I would compare the relationship existing between forestry

and agriculture to that which exists in ordinary life

between husband, dark, stern and strong, but protecting

and cherishing; agriculture, bland benignant and

bountiful, may, in my parable, be described as the wife.

Deprived of the aid and resources derived from the forest,

agriculture pines and languishes and becomes barren and

unfruitful"

G.K.B Indian Forester

XV-330, Sept. 1889

Documents

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (WEST TRIPURA, TRIPURA)