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• Physical Development in Adolescence

• Cognitive Development in Adolescence

• Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

• Cultural and Societal Influences on Adolescent Development

Adolescence

Human Development > Adolescence


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• Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive

physiological changes in an individual's height, weight, body composition, and

circulatory and respiratory systems.These changes are largely influenced by

hormonal activity.

• Puberty is the stage in life in which a child develops secondary sex

characteristics (such as a deeper voice in boys; and development of breasts, and

more curved and prominent hips in girls), as his or her hormonal balance shifts

strongly towards an adult state.

• Girls usually complete puberty by ages 15 to 17, and boys usually complete

puberty by ages 16 to 17.Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after

the first physical changes of puberty appear.

• The first places to grow are the extremities (head, hands, and feet), followed by

the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders.This non-uniform growth is one

reason why an adolescent body may seem out of proportion.

• Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs, whereas

secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to

sexual reproduction.

Physical Development in Adolescence


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Puberty

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• Jean Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's

thoughts start taking more of an abstract form, and egocentric thoughts

decrease.This allows an individual to think and reason in a wider perspective.

• The constructivist view, based on the work of Piaget, takes a quantitative, state-

theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is

relatively sudden and drastic.

• The information-processing perspective derives from the study of artificial

intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth

of specific components of the thinking process.

• The final stage of Piaget's developmental theory is the formal operational stage.It

marks a movement from an ability to think and reason from concrete visible

events, to an ability to think hypothetically, and to entertain 'what-if' possibilities

about the world.

• Metacognition is relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection,

self-consciousness, and intellectualization.Adolescents are more likely to

question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths.

Cognitive Development in Adolescence


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Jean Piaget



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• Adolescents must explore, test limits, become autonomous, and commit to an

identity, or sense of self.

• Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness;

greater awareness of others, and their thoughts and judgments; the ability to

think about abstract, future possibilities; and the ability to consider multiple

possibilities at once.

• Differentiation occurs as an adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on

his or her own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begins to qualify

personal traits.

• Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent

sense of self stable across circumstances and inclusive of past experiences and

future goals.

• Self-esteem is one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity.

• When an adolescent has advanced cognitive development and maturity, he or

she tends to resolve identity issues more so than peers who are less cognitively

developed.

Socioemotional Development in Adolescence


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Identity



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• When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent-

child conflict, and a less cohesive familial bond.

• As children begin to gain bonds with various people, they start to form

friendships, which can be beneficial to development.Strong peer groups are

especially important during adolescence when parental supervision decreases

and interaction with peers increases.

• Culture is learned and socially shared and affects all aspects of an individual's

life.Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development are

all things that are likely to vary by culture.

• Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills but can also

have negative influences via peer pressure.

• Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as

jocks or nerds.In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-

determined crowds as well.

• Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's

life.Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for

instance, are all likely to vary based on culture.

Cultural and Societal Influences on Adolescent Development


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The parent-child relationship



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Appendix

Key terms

• adolescence The transitional period of physical and psychological development between childhood and maturity.

• differentiation The act of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its different, or specific difference; exact definition or determination.

• egocentrism The constant following of one's egotistical desires to an extreme, usually involving a severe lack of extroverted tendencies.

• gonad A sex organ that produces gametes; specifically, a testicle or ovary.

• introspection A looking inward; the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness.

• mnemonic device Any specific learning technique that aids information retention.

• peer pressure encouragement by others in one's age group to act or behave in a certain way.

• precocious Characterized by exceptionally early development or maturity.

• prefrontal cortex The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas; a part of the brain associated with higher cognition

• puberty The age at which a person is first capable of sexual reproduction

• puberty The age at which a person is first capable of sexual reproduction

• self-esteem confidence in one's own worth; self-respect


Human Development

IdentityAdolescence is the period of life between the onset of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role.It is the period known for the formation of personal and social identity.


Wordpress. "Personal Identity | Bodhi Leaf." License: Other http://bodhileaf.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/personal-identity/ View on Boundless.com

Human Development

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http://bodhileaf.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/personal-identity/

https://www.boundless.com/image/identity

Jean PiagetJean Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form, and egocentric thoughts decrease.


Wikipedia. "Jean Piaget." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget View on Boundless.com

Human Development

http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget

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CommunityCulture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life.Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture.


Wikipedia. "Community." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community View on Boundless.com

Human Development


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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.


Wikispaces. "mcmETEC5303 - My Stance on Educational Technology, by Jean Piaget." CC BY http://mcmetec5303.wikispaces.com/My+Stance+on+Educational+Technology,+by+Jean+Piaget View on Boundless.com

Human Development

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The parent-child relationshipWhen children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent-child conflict, and a less cohesive familial bond.


Wikipedia. "Parents." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents View on Boundless.com

Human Development


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PubertyGirls usually complete puberty by ages 15 to 17, and boys usually complete puberty by ages 16 to 17.Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear.


Wikipedia. "Adolescence." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence View on Boundless.com

Human Development


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Human Development

What change(s) occur during puberty?

A) There is increased hair growth in certain parts of the body

B) Puberty is a time of increased strength and endurance

C) All of these answers

D) Hormones signal the body to grow faster

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Psychology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/

Human Development

What change(s) occur during puberty?

A) There is increased hair growth in certain parts of the body

B) Puberty is a time of increased strength and endurance

C) All of these answers

D) Hormones signal the body to grow faster


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Human Development

Which of the following is a reason adolescents feel that they are invincible?

A) Personal fable

B) Abstraction

C) Scientific thinking

D) Imaginary audience

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Human Development

Which of the following is a reason adolescents feel that they are invincible?

A) Personal fable

B) Abstraction

C) Scientific thinking

D) Imaginary audience


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/



Human Development

The behavior of an adolescent will most likely be guided by:

A) Peer influence

B) Parental conflict

C) Religious beliefs

D) Cognitive skills


Human Development

The behavior of an adolescent will most likely be guided by:

A) Peer influence

B) Parental conflict

C) Religious beliefs

D) Cognitive skills





Human Development

Young adolescents are most likely to identify what as their main identity source?

A) Social aspects

B) Gender

C) Race

D) Sports played


Human Development

Young adolescents are most likely to identify what as their main identity source?

A) Social aspects

B) Gender

C) Race

D) Sports played





Human Development

What characterizes the parent-teen relationship during adolescence?

A) The frequency and intensity of parent-teen conflict is high.

B) Parent relationships are generally undermined by peer relationships.

C) Although peer influence grows, parents continue to be the most influential in the life of teens.

D) Teens report having religious, political, and general beliefs very different from their parents.


Human Development

What characterizes the parent-teen relationship during adolescence?

A) The frequency and intensity of parent-teen conflict is high.

B) Parent relationships are generally undermined by peer relationships.

C) Although peer influence grows, parents continue to be the most influential in the life of teens.

D) Teens report having religious, political, and general beliefs very different from their parents.





Human Development

How do peer friendships in adolescence differ from those in childhood?

A) Friendships tend to be more complex and teenagers tend to have multiple layers of friend groups.

B) Friendships tend to be more dynamic and subject to change.

C) Friendships tend to be more complex and teenagers tend to have multiple layers of friend groups, AND friendships tend to be more dynamic and subject to change.

D) Teenagers tend to have friends dissimilar to themselves in terms of gender, age and interests.


Human Development

How do peer friendships in adolescence differ from those in childhood?

A) Friendships tend to be more complex and teenagers tend to have multiple layers of friend groups.

B) Friendships tend to be more dynamic and subject to change.

C) Friendships tend to be more complex and teenagers tend to have multiple layers of friend groups, AND friendships tend to be more dynamic and subject to change.

D) Teenagers tend to have friends dissimilar to themselves in terms of gender, age and interests.





Human Development

An adolescent is most likely to experience high self-esteem when:

A) They have a good relationship with their parents.

B) All of these answers.

C) They have not been rejected by their peers.

D) They have at least one close friendship.


Human Development

An adolescent is most likely to experience high self-esteem when:

A) They have a good relationship with their parents.

B) All of these answers.

C) They have not been rejected by their peers.

D) They have at least one close friendship.





Human Development

Which of the following describes a behavior from Piaget's formal operational stage of development?

A) Hypothetical thinking

B) Abstract reasoning

C) Both hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning

D) Neither hypothetical thinking nor abstract reasoning


Human Development

Which of the following describes a behavior from Piaget's formal operational stage of development?

A) Hypothetical thinking

B) Abstract reasoning

C) Both hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning

D) Neither hypothetical thinking nor abstract reasoning




Attribution

• Wikipedia. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology#Adolescence

• Wikipedia. "Adolescent psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Biological_development

• Wiktionary. "gonad." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gonad

• Wiktionary. "puberty." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puberty

• Wiktionary. "precocious." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/precocious

• Wikipedia. "Adolescent psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Biological_development

• Wikipedia. "Piaget's theory of cognitive development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget%2527s_theory_of_cognitive_development#Formal_operational_stage

• Wikipedia. "Cognitive development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development#Formal_operational_stage

• Wikipedia. "Adolescent psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Cognitive_development

• Wiktionary. "egocentrism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/egocentrism

• Wiktionary. "introspection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/introspection

• Wikipedia. "mnemonic device." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mnemonic+device

• Wiktionary. "prefrontal cortex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prefrontal+cortex

• Wikipedia. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology#Adolescence

• Wikipedia. "Identity formation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation

• Wikipedia. "Adolescent psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Identity_development

• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//management/definition/differentiationFree to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Human Development


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology#Adolescence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Biological_development


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gonad


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puberty


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/precocious


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Biological_development


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget%2527s_theory_of_cognitive_development#Formal_operational_stage


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development#Formal_operational_stage


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Cognitive_development


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/egocentrism


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/introspection


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mnemonic+device


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prefrontal+cortex


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology#Adolescence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology#Identity_development


http://www.boundless.com//management/definition/differentiation

• Wiktionary. "self-esteem." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-esteem

• Wikipedia. "Identity formation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation

• Wikipedia. "Adolescent psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology

• Wikipedia. "Adolescent psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology

• Wikipedia. "peer pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peer+pressure

• Wiktionary. "adolescence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adolescence

• Wiktionary. "puberty." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puberty


Human Development


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-esteem


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_psychology


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peer+pressure


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adolescence


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puberty