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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 12
Emotional and Social Development inAdolescence
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Erikson’s Theory:Identity vs. Identity ConfusionIdentity
Defining who you are, what you value and direction in life.
Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals.
Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration
Identity Confusion
Lack of direction and definition of self.
Restricted exploration in adolescence Earlier psychosocial
conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices
Unprepared for stages of adulthood
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Self-Understanding in Adolescence
Self-Concept Unify separate traits into larger, abstract
ones May describe contradictory traits; social
situations Gradually combine traits into organized
system Self-Esteem
Continues to differentiate Generally rises Individual differences
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Identity Statuses
Level o
f Exp
loratio
n
Level of Commitment
High Low
HighIdentity
AchievementMoratorium
Low Identity
ForeclosureIdentity Diffusion
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Factors that AffectIdentity Development Personality
Flexible, open-minded Child-rearing practices
Authoritative, attached Peers, friends Schools Communities Larger context
Culture Historical time period
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Piaget’s Theory ofMoral DevelopmentHeteronomous Morality
View rules as handed down by authorities, permanent, unchangeable, require strict obedience.
Judge wrongness by outcomes, not intentions
Autonomous Morality Rules as socially-
agreed on, changeable
Standard of ideal reciprocity
Judge on outcomes and intentions
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Kohlberg’s Stages ofMoral Development
Preconventional Level
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose
Conventional Level
Stage 3: “Good boy-good girl” (Morality of interpersonal cooperation)
Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining
Postconventional
or Principled Level
Stage 5: Social Contract
Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle
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Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning? Kohlberg: Rights and justice
orientation Gilligan: Caring for others
orientation Ethic of Care
Both sexes use both orientations, but females may stress care more Greater experience as
caregivers
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Environmental Influences on Moral Reasoning
Child-Rearing Practices Caring, supportive Discuss moral
concerns Schooling Peer Interactions Culture
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Gender Intensificationin Adolescence
Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Biological, social, cognitive factors
More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence
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Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Autonomy De-idealize parents Shift from parents to selves and
peers for guidance Authoritative Parenting
Balances autonomy with monitoring as needed
Extra challenging during adolescence
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Friendships in Adolescence Fewer “best friends” More intimacy, loyalty
Closeness, trust, Self-disclosure - get to know friend’s
personality
Friends are similar or get more similar Identity status, aspirations, politics,
deviant behavior
Gender differences Girls – emotional closeness Boys – activities, status
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Self-Disclosure in Relationships
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Benefits of Adolescent Friendships
Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of
another Foundation for future
intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude and
school involvement
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Cliques and Crowds Clique
Small group – 5–7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status
“popular” and “unpopular”
Crowd Larger – several cliques Membership based on reputation,
stereotype
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Dating in Adolescence Emerges from mixed-sex cliques
Cliques hang out Several couples form and do things
together Individual couples
Changes throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities,
shallow intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Too early dating related to legal,
academic problems
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Peer Conformity
Pressures to conform to: Dress, grooming, social activities Proadult behavior Misconduct
Rises in early adolescence, but low overall
More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures
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Depression in Adolescence Most common
psychological problem of adolescence – 15–20%
Twice as many girls as boys Early-maturing girls
Factors influencing depression: Genetics Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness
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Adolescent Suicide A leading cause of youth
death 4-5 times as many boys as
girls Girls more attempts
Greatest risk: White males; African American males; gay, lesbian, bisexual
Highly intelligent & socially withdrawn, or antisocial youth at risk
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Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood
Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty
Peer influences