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chapter 5
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CHAPTER 5 LEARNING AND MEMORY
MS. CELESTE RODERNO-DESINGAÑO
What is Learning???
Defined as the relatively permanent changes in behavior that results from exposure or practice provided that the behavioural change is not caused by native response tendencies, maturation or temporary states.
Theories of Learning
Classical Conditioning (Associative Learning)
Connectionism (Trial and Error Learning)Operant Conditioning
(Instrumental Conditioning)Social Learning
(Learning by Observation)
Classical Conditioning(Ivan Pavlov) An accidental discovery by Ivan
Pavlov’s experimentTerminology:1. Neutral stimulus (NS)2. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)3. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)4. Unconditioned response (UR)5. Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical Conditioning(Ivan Pavlov)
Stages of Classical Conditioning1.Before conditioning
Stage 1: NS is the Bell ----no response UCS is Food ----salivation (UCR)
2.During conditioning CS is the Bell ----UCS is food ---salivation
(UCR)3.After conditioning
CS is the Bell ------------------------- CR is salivation
Classical Conditioning(Ivan Pavlov)Phenomena about Classical Conditioning1. Stimulus Generalization – occurs when something
similar to conditioned stimulus creates the same response
2. Stimulus Discrimination – occurs when one new stimulus is too different from our original conditioned stimulus to cause the effect we want.
3. Extinction – occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented a number of times without the unconditioned stimulus.
4. Spontaneous Recovery – occurs when there is re-appearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
Connectionism(Edward Thorndike)Law of Effect
Reinforcement/satisfierLaw of Readiness
Motivation, preparation and proper mind-set
Law of Exercise “Practice makes perfect”
Operant ConditioningBurrhus F. Skinner
The conceptual framework of B.F. Skinner’s theory is largely based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Learning happens when organism operates on something or do something to the environment in order to produce a result
Operant ConditioningBurrhus F. Skinner
Discriminative Stimulus This stimulus gives the organism the option of whether to
respond to it or not. Response
The action Reinforcement
Is that which increases the probability of a response to the same stimulus.
Operant ConditioningBurrhus F. SkinnerTypes of Reinforcement1.Positive Reinforcement – Which when
given increases the probability of a response.
2.Negative Reinforcement – which when removed increases response probabaility.
Note: Reinforcement is very important in shaping behavior
Social LearningAlbert Bandura Derived from B.F. Skinner’s operant
conditioning theory Theory of observation and imitation.
4 Conditions that should be present for learning to occur
1. Attention 2. Retention3. Motor Reproduction4. Motivation
MemoryAn active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters and recovers information
There are two types of memory: Short term memory(STM) and Long term memory (LTM)
Short term MemoryGeorge Miller found that short term
memory is limited to only 7-bits of information (±2)
STM has seven slots or bins into which separate items can be placed.
When all slots are filled, there is no room for new data.
Process/technique to increase capacity to recall more information bits
Recoding Grouping of information
Maintenance Rehearsal STM appears to weaken and disappear very fast (18-30 seconds), but it can be prolonged by silently repeating it until it is needed.
Elaborative Rehearsal Technique that links new information with information already in the LTM to make information more meaningful.
long term MemoryInformation in LTM is relatively permanent
As new long term memories are formed, older memories are often updated, changed, lost or revised.
long term Memory Classification of Long Term Memory1.Skill memory
Memory for doing learned tasks Associated with the lower centre of the
brain
2.Declarative memory Facts like names, data, address, place,
dates and ideas Expressed in symbols and words Associated with the higher brain centre
Division of Declarative Memory
Semantic Memory Mental dictionary of basic knowledge
Episodic Memory Record of personal experiences and life events
Easily forgotten than semantic memory.
forgetting
According to Herman Ebbinghaus, forgetting happens very rapidly after learning.
Type of memory affect the rate of forgetting
Causes of Forgetting1. Neural Decay2. Interference3. Forgetting is cue-dependent
Mnemonics Memory aids that help in remembering data
accurately. Ways to avoid rote learning or learning by
repetition.
Use mental pictures Make things meaningful Make information familiar Form bizarre, unusual or exaggerated
mental .associations