Student Submission -- Gen Psych Personality Disorders

7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Personality Disorders

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Nota, Mae Allen Jasmin E.

General psychology

BSHRM 1-1





consists of inflexible andmaladaptive personality

traits which interfere withday-to-day functioning

and may involvesubjective unhappiness.



There are several general criteria:

Behavior that differs from cultural expectations in morethan just one of the following areas: cognition, emotion,social functioning, and impulse control

Problems that are spread across a broad range ofsituations;

Significant problems in social or work life;

Problems that are relatively stable and date back at least

to adolescence or early adulthood.



Cluster A -- People who appear "odd or eccentric.“

Paranoid PD , Schizoid PD , Schizotypal PD

Cluster B -- Highly egocentric people who may appear"dramatic, emotional, erratic.“

Antisocial PD (I personaly believe this one is in a categoryof its own!) , Borderline PD , Histrionic PD andNarcissistic PD

Cluster C -- People who appear "anxious or fearful.“

Avoidant PD and Dependent PD , Obsessive-CompulsivePD



Paranoid Personality Disorder A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by earlyadulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated

by four (or more) of the following:

-suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting,harming, or deceiving him or her;

-is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates;



-is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her;

-reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benignremarks or events;

-persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults ,injuries, or slights

-perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that arenot apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to

counterattack;

-has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity or spouse or sexual partner.



Note that paranoia is much more common in

societies that are hierarchical (vs egalitarian)and egocentric (vs sociocentric), that is to say,societies that place a great deal of value onyour position in the society, and in whicheveryone is basically interested in themselvesand no-one else. Despite our lip-service toequality and caring for each other, our society

leans in that direction. There are a few societiesthat are so competitive and individualistic thatparanoia is not only normal, but valued!



A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationshipsand a restricted range of expression of emotions ininterpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and

present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or

more) of the following:

-neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family;

-almost always chooses solitary activities;

-has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person;



-takes pleasure in few, if any, activities;

-lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degreerelatives;

-appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others;

-shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattenedaffectivity.





A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acutediscomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well asby cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior,beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, asindicated by five (or more) of the following:

-ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference);

-odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent withsubcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or

"sixth sense"; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations);

-unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions;









Antisocial Personality Disorder A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:

-failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated byrepeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest;

-deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure;

-impulsivity or failure to plan ahead ;









-impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging(e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating);

-recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilatingbehavior;

-affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intenseepisodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hoursand only rarely more than a few days);

-chronic feelings of emptiness;

-inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights);

-transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociativesymptoms.





A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attentionseeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in avariety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the

following:

-is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention;

-interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexuallyseductive or provocative behavior;

-displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions;



-consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention toself;

-has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic andlacking in detail;

-shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggeratedexpression of emotion;

-is suggestible, i.e., easily influenced by others or

circumstances;

-considers relationships to be more intimate than theyactually are.



A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and

present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

-has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements andtalents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurateachievements);

-is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty,

or ideal love;

-believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understoodby, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions);



-requires excessive admiration;

-has a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of

especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance withhis or her expectations;

-is interpersonally exploitive, i.e., takes advantage of others toachieve his or her own ends;

-lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others;

-is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her;

-shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.



Avoidant Personality Disorder A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and

hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthoodand present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the

following:

-avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact,because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection;

-is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked;

-shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of beingshamed or ridiculed;



-is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected insocial situations;

-is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy;

-views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others;

-is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or toengage in any new activities because they may

prove embarrassing.



These are the classic "low self esteem"people psychologists so often refer

to. Shy and awkward, they may becomeincreasingly withdrawn so as to lookmore like the schizoid personality. But

notice the difference: The schizoiddoesn't want relations with others. Theavoidant would really like friends, but istoo afraid of rejection to try. It is quite

difficult to distinguish avoidantpersonality disorder from social anxietyor even simple shyness.



A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads tosubmissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning byearly adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five(or more) of the following:

-has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice andreassurance from others;

-needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life;

-has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of supportor approval;



-has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (becauseof a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of

motivation or energy);

-goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others tothe point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant;

-feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself;

-urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a

close relationship ends;

-is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself.



A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at theexpense or flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning byearly adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as

indicated by four (or more) of the following:

-is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extentthat the major point of the activity is lost;

-shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g., is unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict standards are not met);

-is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activitiesand friendships (not accounted for by obvious economic necessity);



-is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality,ethics, or values (not accounted for by cultural or religious

identification);

-is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have nosentimental value;

-is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit toexactly his or her way or doing things;

-adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money is viewed

as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes;

-shows rigidity and stubbornness.



the obsessive-compulsive personalitydisorder. These are the perfectionists among

us - not the ones who simply want to do theirbest, but the ones who panic when things aren'tperfect.

Obsessive-compulsive personality is more commonamong men than women, and is often found infundamentalist groups of any religion, where strictrule-adherence is paramount. In some societies,

especially hierarchical (vs egalitarian) and sociocentric(vs egocentric), this kind of behavior is considerednormal, not pathological.





are characterized by a concern with thebody. Stress and trauma lead to anxiety, butinstead of developing one of the anxiety

disorders or depression, somepeople somaticize: They experience theanxiety as fatigue, loss of appetite, body aches,headaches, gastrointestinal problems, and so

on. Somatization is actually the most commonmanifestation of anxiety, especially in non-western countries.





There are several variations:

- somatization disorder

-neurasthenia

-Conversion disorder

-pain disorder



-have a history of complaints concerning theirphysical health, yet show little or no signs of

actually having the problems they think theyhave.

-It is a rare disorder in western societies, affecting.2 to 2% of women and less than .2% of men.



-combines somatization with feelings of anxiety,depression, irritability, and distraction.

-In Korea, there is a version called hwa-byung ("anger illness"). It is most commonlyfound in less educated, middle aged womenwho are trapped in bad marriages.



-was formerly known as hysteria, and becamefamous as the disorder that inspired SigmundFreud to develop psychoanalysis.

-It is similar to somatization, but is more focusedon neurological problems such as paralysis oflimbs, muscle weakness, balance problems,inability to speak, loss of sense of touch,deafness, vision problems, even blindness, andyet involves no underlying neurologicalproblems



-People with pain disorder have a history of complaintsspecifically concerning pain.

-These people are not lying, and are not malingering -they really feel pain, even though the cause is notfound

- It is relatively common, but many are concerned withusing this diagnosis: There have been real medicalproblems discovered that had previously been"dismissed" as psychological, such as fibromyalgia.



(Note that hypochondriasis isalso, officially, a part of the

somatoform disorders. Wediscuss it under anxiety

disorders.)

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsyanxietydisorders.html




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Student Submission -- Gen Psych Personality Disorders