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This is the presentation by Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni on Springs, Aquifers and Ground Water. It talks about how springs are related to Ground water management and vice-versa.
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झरे� सं�रेक्षण कार्य�शाळा
Spring Protection Short Course
March 2014IofC Centre, Panchgani
• Welcome• Introductions• Organizational Overview
- In 53 countries
- In India since 1968 by Rajmohan Gandhi
- Conducts training in ethical leadership, values, personal development & trust building
ABOUT IofC India
MISSION: - Empower rural India
through thoughtful, community-led programs
CORE AREAS:- Livelihoods- Governance- Health &
Environment
Time Session
10:15-10:40 Welcome, intros, & overview
10:40-11:00 Spring definitions, general characteristics, & geography
11:00-12:15 Hydrogeology , groundwater, local examples & discussion
12:15-1:00 Best practices, water quality, spring ecology
1:00-2:00 Lunch 2:00-3:30 Case Studies – springshed mapping, ecological status,
recommendations (Godavalli, Kirunde, etc)3:30-4:00 Campus tour, sustainable demos & organic garden visit
4:00-4:30 Tea
4:30-6:30 Forest & geology trek
7:00 Dinner & wildfire movie
Overview of day 1, March 20th
Time Session
7:00-8:00 Nature walk & meditation
8:00-9:00 Breakfast
9:00-1:30 Field visit & workday, Umbari village
BRING A WATER BOTTLE!1:30-2:30 Lunch
Overview of day 2, March 21st
Why Springs?
• Water biggest issue in local villages• Lots of opportunity for springs as solution• Grampari started spring protection programme 3 years ago
Map Credit: wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
• Now part of larger initiative funded by Arghyam to make springs national priority• Other partners in corners of India• We are partners for Western Ghats
वि�वि�रे� वि� स्प्रिं��ग्ज
•पं�पिंपं�ग खर्च�•शा�द्ध पंण�•�र्ष�भरे पं�रे�ठा
Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम
विहं�गा�लो�कान
पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�
Where we’ve worked
Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम
विहं�गा�लो�कान
पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�
विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू
Current projects
Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम
विहं�गा�लो�कान
पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�
विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू
च्र्य� पूलो�काडे� जा�र्ण�
Outreach conducted
सो�ल्र्य�शन्सो
Extent and Characteristics of Western Ghat Springs
• Definition & Characteristics• Geography• Examples• Benefits• Eco-status
Basalt:• Fine grained• Groundwater flow
limited to cracks, vesicles
Deccan traps• 66M year old lava• 500K km2 area• ~2000m thick
Present day Iceland
Laterite Cap
Basalt Layers
Potential Spring Locations
Villages Accessing Spring Water
Typical setting
SpringFormation
Laterite Cap
Typical Groundwater Flow Paths- At contacts- Occasional fractures- Laterite plateaus
Typical spring
Includes shallow ground water sites
Spring recharge zone
Spring discharge zone
Well recharge zone
Springs
Springshed vs. watershed
Typical CharacteristicsDischarge = up to 1,00,000 liters per dayElevation = 50 to 1400 m above sea levelGeology: basalt, laterite or talusSpring type: contact or fracture
Typical CharacteristicsUses: drinking, irrigation, temples, animalsSafe, sustainable source of drinking water• Gravity-fed = no pumping cost• Year round supply • Water quality very high
Cultural value
Credit: Rohit Gowaikar, Wikipedia/Flickr
Historic value
Sole drinking water source for many
Ecohydrologic Status• Generally, declining discharge due to:– groundwater exploitation– ecological degradation
• Poor maintenance, mismanagement common
Current state of many springs
• Construction in recharge areas• Loss to bore and well pumping
• Springs being damaged or lost• Many blasting or digging wells on spring locations
• Destroys spring ecosystem• Does not yield
more water
• How many springs are there? • How many people
affected?
DON’T KNOW YET!
What we do know• Springs found throughout
Western Ghats
Western Ghats
Karjat Area:Elevation – 50 mFlow – ~7 l/m Use – irrigationStatus – disuse, loss to bore wells
Pune Area:Elevation – 700 mFlow – ~10 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells
Koyna Area:Elev – 800 mFlow – ~30 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – healthy in unpopulated area
Panchgani Area:Elev – 1200 mFlow – ~9 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells
Western Ghats
Western Ghats
Satara District
Maharashtra Location Map
SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend
District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations
• Our growing map of springs• For every point there are probably
100 more
Detailed survey:• >20 spring systems• 10 dependent villages• ~9000 people• All springs threatened
Maharashtra Location Map
SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend
District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations
Conclusion:Lakhs and lakhs of people in District dependent on springs
National Importance of the Western Ghats
Western Ghats
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
• Considered one of eight top biodiversity hotspots in the world
• Only 6% of the primary vegetation remains intact
*Myers et al. 2000
Western Ghats Watersheds- Cover 9 states- Direct water supply for
120 million people - Indirect, >400 million
*Molur et al. 2011
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
Western Ghats
Hydrogeology
• Springs in Himalaya vs Western Ghats• Groundwater & springs• Local investigation of Akehgani – Springs, aquifers & recommendations for recharge
& protection
BaUjala vyavasqaapna va Jaro saMvaQa-na
ACWADAM & Grampari
Supported by Arghyam, Bengaluru
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Modified after Tolman, 1937
Ja-yaa-Mcao mah%va
BaUgaiBa-ya P`akairta: BaUjalaaivaYayaI ivaivaQata samajaNyaacaM pihlaM pa}la
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
maharaYT/acao KDkAfter GSI, GSDA
N
S C A L E -1 :1 0 0 0 0 0 0
G E O L O G IC A L M A P O F M A H A R A S H T R A
L AT E R IT E S
D E C C A N T R A P L AVA F L O W S(H A R D R O C K S )
S E D IM E N T A R Y R O C K S(S O F T R O C K S )
M E TA M O R P H IC S(H A R D R O C K S )
G E O L O G IC A L F O R M A T IO NS H A L L O W A L L U V IU M
D E E P A L L U V IU M
M U M B A I
C H A N D R A P U R
B H A N D A R A
G O N D IA
N A G P U RA M R AVAT I
YAVAT M A LWASHIM
G A D C H IR O L I
W A R D H A
N A N D U R B A R
D H U L E
N A SIK
J A L G A O N
B U L D H A N A
A U R A N G A B A D
A K O L A
N A N D E D
PA R B H A N I
H IN G O L I
B E E D
J A L N A
L AT U R
N A G A R
O SM A N A B A D
P U N E
S O L A P U R
S ATA R A
R AT N A G IR I
R A IG A D
K O L H A P U R
S A N G L I
S IN D H U D U R G
T H A N E
I N D E X
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
doSa BaUjalaavar AvalaMbaUna . . .
–3 kaoTI ivaihrI va ik%yaok kaoTI Jaro
– ipNyaasaazI – g`aamaINa BaagaaMt 85T@@yaahUna AiQak
–SaotIsaazI – 60 to 65 T@ko
–SahraMt vaapr – javaL javaL 50 T@ko
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Jaro: BaUjalaacaaca ek Baaga
jamaInaItIla “BaUjala” ijaqaM jamaInaIvar baahor pDtM %yaa izkaNaI “Jara” saapDtao
BaUjala “BaUjalaQaarkat” (aquifer) AaZLtM. BaUjalaQaarkatIla naOsaiga-kir%yaa baahor pDNaaro PaaNaI Jara mhNaUna AapNa pahtao.
Points of Groundwater Discharge
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Jaro: ivaivaQa P`akar
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Ja-yaa-Mcao P`akar samajaUna GaoNa AavaSyak…
-Depression spring
-Contact spring
- Fracture spring
- Fault spring
- Karst spring
Modified after Tolman, 1937
Jara va ivaihr yaat kaya samaanata Aaho ?
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
AQUIFER ikMvaa BaUjalaQaark
What normally comes to mind when we refer to “groundwater”.....
Aquifer
looking beyond
sources...
...understanding the resource
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Mountain sources – water in two villages: beyond topography, watersheds and admin boundaries…
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
BaUjala iva&ana va punaBa-
MrNa ..,.
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
AaKogaNaItIla BaUjalaQaarktIla P`avaah: ivaihrI va Jara yaaMnaa paNaI doNaara ekca s`aaot
Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management Email: [email protected]: www.acwadam.org
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Best PracticesBuild awareness & empower community to: • Find & fix leaks• Identify springshed • Protect from fire, grazing, tree cutting• Limit nearby pumping (bores, wells)• Build/maintain spring box, prevent contamination
Empowerment
Field Survey
• Leaks a major problem• Up to 25% of supply lost
Shramdhan
Springshed Restoration & Recharge
Spring Box
Standard Spring Box
Sub-surface Box
Nalla-box (sand dam)
Nalla-box (sand dam)
Nalla-box (sand dam)
With livestock or wildlife guzzler
Water quality of springs
• Contamination generally due to poor design in harvest and storage• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting)• Surface water runoff• Storage tank hygiene
Water Quality of Springs
• Water quality very good; min & max values
– Temp: 17 – 22 °C (winter)– Ph: 7.3 – 8.3 – TDS: 35 – 160 mg/l– EC: 70 – 320 mmho/cm – Hardness (CaCO3): 30 – 140 mg/l – Na: 2 – 25 mg/l
– K: 0 – 2 mg/l– Ca2: 10 – 36 mg/l– Mg2: 1 – 12 mg/l– HCO3: 31 – 177 mg/l– Cl: 7 – 14 mg/l – Fe2: 0.4 – 0.7 mg/l *****
From Naik et al. 2000
• Only iron shows marginal excess• Pathogens are rare at source (e.g. no fecals)
Typical spring box • Installed in 1970s as drought
response• Poor design & maintenance =
leaks, contamination• Declining flow due to adjacent
pumping, ecological degradation
Surface water runoff
HUMAN FECES ON A SPRING BOX
Water quality of springs
• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting to make a spring cum well)
• Results in contamination
Spring Restoration & Ecology• Springshed degradation• Restoration best practices• Ecological reference conditions• Importance to biodiversity
Spring Recharge
Misplaced wells can destroy springs
Spring Recharge
Best case, healthy native vegetation
Spring Recharge
Spring Recharge
Loss of trees = less monsoon captured
Annual burning & overgrazing = more runoff
Spring Recharge
Spring Recharge
Continued pressure = soil loss & no recharge
Ecological Degradation
• Anthropogenic fire• Over grazing• Fuel wood collection
CCT – Continuos Contour Trenches
Staggered Trenches
Farm Ponds
Loose rock dams
Tree planting• Survival rate is 10%• Protection from
grazing & fire• Watering
NORTHASPECT
SOUTHASPECT
Is this ecosystem healthy???
• Freshwater biodiversity dependent on springs (plants, insects, fish and other vertebrates)
• Many of the most threatened species (large mammals, fish & amphibians) depend on springs
• And these are some of the most heavily used ecosystems
Nalla-box (sand dam)
With livestock or wildlife guzzler
LUNCH!REFERENCES:
Molur, S., Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2011. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.
Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature 403, 853-858(24 February 2000).
Naik, P.K., · A.K. Awasthi, P.C. Mohan. 2002. Springs in a Headwater Basin in the Deccan Trap Country of the Western Ghats, India. Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:553–565.
Godavalli Village
Panchgani Tableland
Main Spring at Temple
N
Godavalli Village Mapping & RecommendationsFeb 2014
Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Sub-Watershed Spring Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Watershed & SpringFeb 2014
Godavalli Aquifer Contour
Feb 2014
WellsSpring
*
Longitude (decimal degrees)
Latit
ude
(dec
imal
deg
rees
)
Elevation (m)
WellsSpringFlow Vectors
*
Godavalli Aquifer Feb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Geologic SectionFeb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
RECHARGE ZONE
SPRING – DISCHARGE ZONE
Recharge & Discharge Zones
Feb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Orthographic SectionFeb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Recharge ZoneFeb 2014
RECHARGE ZONE
Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Springshed Recharge Zone Springshed Discharge Zone Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Recharge & Discharge ZonesFeb 2014
Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Management – Reforestation Management – Roof Water Harvest & Limited Pumping Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Management RecommendationsFeb 2014
Tomorrow’s Field VisitUmbari Village
**
• Approximate spring locations• What do you notice about the landscape?
**
• Notice anything else?
Recent fire scars
Spring Quiz!
LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
** ** *
LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
** ** *
XX
Protect from fire, reduce grazing, ban wood collection, limit pumping
LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations
* *
**
