Download pptx - Learning about Springs & Groundwater_ Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni_2014

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Spring Protection Short Course

March 2014IofC Centre, Panchgani

• Welcome• Introductions• Organizational Overview

- In 53 countries

- In India since 1968 by Rajmohan Gandhi

- Conducts training in ethical leadership, values, personal development & trust building

ABOUT IofC India

MISSION: - Empower rural India

through thoughtful, community-led programs

CORE AREAS:- Livelihoods- Governance- Health &

Environment

Time Session

10:15-10:40 Welcome, intros, & overview

10:40-11:00 Spring definitions, general characteristics, & geography

11:00-12:15 Hydrogeology , groundwater, local examples & discussion

12:15-1:00 Best practices, water quality, spring ecology

1:00-2:00 Lunch 2:00-3:30 Case Studies – springshed mapping, ecological status,

recommendations (Godavalli, Kirunde, etc)3:30-4:00 Campus tour, sustainable demos & organic garden visit

4:00-4:30 Tea

4:30-6:30 Forest & geology trek

7:00 Dinner & wildfire movie

Overview of day 1, March 20th

Time Session

7:00-8:00 Nature walk & meditation

8:00-9:00 Breakfast

9:00-1:30 Field visit & workday, Umbari village

BRING A WATER BOTTLE!1:30-2:30 Lunch

Overview of day 2, March 21st

Why Springs?

• Water biggest issue in local villages• Lots of opportunity for springs as solution• Grampari started spring protection programme 3 years ago

Map Credit: wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons

• Now part of larger initiative funded by Arghyam to make springs national priority• Other partners in corners of India• We are partners for Western Ghats

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•पं�पिंपं�ग खर्च�•शा�द्ध पंण�•�र्ष�भरे पं�रे�ठा

Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम

विहं�गा�लो�कान

पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�

Where we’ve worked




विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू

Current projects




विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू

च्र्य� पूलो�काडे� जा�र्ण�

Outreach conducted

सो�ल्र्य�शन्सो

Extent and Characteristics of Western Ghat Springs

• Definition & Characteristics• Geography• Examples• Benefits• Eco-status

Basalt:• Fine grained• Groundwater flow

limited to cracks, vesicles

Deccan traps• 66M year old lava• 500K km2 area• ~2000m thick

Present day Iceland

Laterite Cap

Basalt Layers

Potential Spring Locations

Villages Accessing Spring Water

Typical setting

SpringFormation

Laterite Cap

Typical Groundwater Flow Paths- At contacts- Occasional fractures- Laterite plateaus

Typical spring

Includes shallow ground water sites

Spring recharge zone

Spring discharge zone

Well recharge zone

Springs

Springshed vs. watershed

Typical CharacteristicsDischarge = up to 1,00,000 liters per dayElevation = 50 to 1400 m above sea levelGeology: basalt, laterite or talusSpring type: contact or fracture

Typical CharacteristicsUses: drinking, irrigation, temples, animalsSafe, sustainable source of drinking water• Gravity-fed = no pumping cost• Year round supply • Water quality very high

Cultural value

Credit: Rohit Gowaikar, Wikipedia/Flickr

Historic value

Sole drinking water source for many

Ecohydrologic Status• Generally, declining discharge due to:– groundwater exploitation– ecological degradation

• Poor maintenance, mismanagement common

Current state of many springs

• Construction in recharge areas• Loss to bore and well pumping

• Springs being damaged or lost• Many blasting or digging wells on spring locations

• Destroys spring ecosystem• Does not yield

more water

• How many springs are there? • How many people

affected?

DON’T KNOW YET!

What we do know• Springs found throughout

Western Ghats

Western Ghats

Karjat Area:Elevation – 50 mFlow – ~7 l/m Use – irrigationStatus – disuse, loss to bore wells

Pune Area:Elevation – 700 mFlow – ~10 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells

Koyna Area:Elev – 800 mFlow – ~30 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – healthy in unpopulated area

Panchgani Area:Elev – 1200 mFlow – ~9 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells

Western Ghats

Western Ghats

Satara District

Maharashtra Location Map

SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend

District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations

• Our growing map of springs• For every point there are probably

100 more

Detailed survey:• >20 spring systems• 10 dependent villages• ~9000 people• All springs threatened

Maharashtra Location Map

SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend

District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations

Conclusion:Lakhs and lakhs of people in District dependent on springs

National Importance of the Western Ghats

Western Ghats

Modified from Molur et al. 2011

• Considered one of eight top biodiversity hotspots in the world

• Only 6% of the primary vegetation remains intact

*Myers et al. 2000

Western Ghats Watersheds- Cover 9 states- Direct water supply for

120 million people - Indirect, >400 million

*Molur et al. 2011

Modified from Molur et al. 2011

Western Ghats

Hydrogeology

• Springs in Himalaya vs Western Ghats• Groundwater & springs• Local investigation of Akehgani – Springs, aquifers & recommendations for recharge

& protection

BaUjala vyavasqaapna va Jaro saMvaQa-na

ACWADAM & Grampari

Supported by Arghyam, Bengaluru

www.acwadam.org [email protected]

Modified after Tolman, 1937

Ja-yaa-Mcao mah%va

BaUgaiBa-ya Pàkairta: BaUjalaaivaYayaI ivaivaQata samajaNyaacaM pihlaM pa}la


maharaYT/acao KDkAfter GSI, GSDA

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S C A L E -1 :1 0 0 0 0 0 0

G E O L O G IC A L M A P O F M A H A R A S H T R A

L AT E R IT E S

D E C C A N T R A P L AVA F L O W S(H A R D R O C K S )

S E D IM E N T A R Y R O C K S(S O F T R O C K S )

M E TA M O R P H IC S(H A R D R O C K S )

G E O L O G IC A L F O R M A T IO NS H A L L O W A L L U V IU M

D E E P A L L U V IU M

M U M B A I

C H A N D R A P U R

B H A N D A R A

G O N D IA

N A G P U RA M R AVAT I

YAVAT M A LWASHIM

G A D C H IR O L I

W A R D H A

N A N D U R B A R

D H U L E

N A SIK

J A L G A O N

B U L D H A N A

A U R A N G A B A D

A K O L A

N A N D E D

PA R B H A N I

H IN G O L I

B E E D

J A L N A

L AT U R

N A G A R

O SM A N A B A D

P U N E

S O L A P U R

S ATA R A

R AT N A G IR I

R A IG A D

K O L H A P U R

S A N G L I

S IN D H U D U R G

T H A N E

I N D E X


doSa BaUjalaavar AvalaMbaUna . . .

–3 kaoTI ivaihrI va ik%yaok kaoTI Jaro

– ipNyaasaazI – gàamaINa BaagaaMt 85T@@yaahUna AiQak

–SaotIsaazI – 60 to 65 T@ko

–SahraMt vaapr – javaL javaL 50 T@ko



ihmaalayatIla BaUjala Pàvaah va Jaro

Spring

Spring

Spring

piScama GaaTatIla BaUjala Pàvaah va Jaro


jamaIinaKalaIla vyavasqaa


Jaro: BaUjalaacaaca ek Baaga

jamaInaItIla “BaUjala” ijaqaM jamaInaIvar baahor pDtM %yaa izkaNaI “Jara” saapDtao

BaUjala “BaUjalaQaarkat” (aquifer) AaZLtM. BaUjalaQaarkatIla naOsaiga-kir%yaa baahor pDNaaro PaaNaI Jara mhNaUna AapNa pahtao.

Points of Groundwater Discharge


Jaro: ivaivaQa Pàkar


Ja-yaa-Mcao Pàkar samajaUna GaoNa AavaSyak…

-Depression spring

-Contact spring

- Fracture spring

- Fault spring

- Karst spring










Jara va ivaihr yaat kaya samaanata Aaho ?


AQUIFER ikMvaa BaUjalaQaark

What normally comes to mind when we refer to “groundwater”.....

Aquifer

looking beyond

sources...

...understanding the resource


Mountain sources – water in two villages: beyond topography, watersheds and admin boundaries…


Aquifers: revisiting sources vs the resource


BaUjala iva&ana va punaBa-

MrNa ..,.

AaKogaNaIcaM “gaugala” ica~



AaKogaNaItIla ek Jara…


AaKogaNaI gaavaatIla Jara va BaUgaBaa-tIla vyavasqaa

Groundwater: partly visible but practically undivisible…



AaKogaNaItIla BaUjalaQaarktIla Pàvaah: ivaihrI va Jara yaaMnaa paNaI doNaara ekca sàaot

AaKogaNaItIla punaBa-rNaasaazI ]pyau@t xao~


Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management Email: [email protected]: www.acwadam.org


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.acwadam.org/

Best PracticesBuild awareness & empower community to: • Find & fix leaks• Identify springshed • Protect from fire, grazing, tree cutting• Limit nearby pumping (bores, wells)• Build/maintain spring box, prevent contamination

Empowerment

Field Survey

• Leaks a major problem• Up to 25% of supply lost

Shramdhan

Springshed Restoration & Recharge

Spring Box

Standard Spring Box

Sub-surface Box

Nalla-box (sand dam)



With livestock or wildlife guzzler

Water quality of springs

• Contamination generally due to poor design in harvest and storage• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting)• Surface water runoff• Storage tank hygiene

Water Quality of Springs

• Water quality very good; min & max values

– Temp: 17 – 22 °C (winter)– Ph: 7.3 – 8.3 – TDS: 35 – 160 mg/l– EC: 70 – 320 mmho/cm – Hardness (CaCO3): 30 – 140 mg/l – Na: 2 – 25 mg/l

– K: 0 – 2 mg/l– Ca2: 10 – 36 mg/l– Mg2: 1 – 12 mg/l– HCO3: 31 – 177 mg/l– Cl: 7 – 14 mg/l – Fe2: 0.4 – 0.7 mg/l *****

From Naik et al. 2000

• Only iron shows marginal excess• Pathogens are rare at source (e.g. no fecals)

Typical spring box • Installed in 1970s as drought

response• Poor design & maintenance =

leaks, contamination• Declining flow due to adjacent

pumping, ecological degradation

Surface water runoff

HUMAN FECES ON A SPRING BOX

Water quality of springs

• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting to make a spring cum well)

• Results in contamination

Spring Restoration & Ecology• Springshed degradation• Restoration best practices• Ecological reference conditions• Importance to biodiversity

Spring Recharge

Misplaced wells can destroy springs

Spring Recharge

Best case, healthy native vegetation

Spring Recharge

Spring Recharge

Loss of trees = less monsoon captured

Annual burning & overgrazing = more runoff

Spring Recharge

Spring Recharge

Continued pressure = soil loss & no recharge

Ecological Degradation

• Anthropogenic fire• Over grazing• Fuel wood collection

CCT – Continuos Contour Trenches

Staggered Trenches

Farm Ponds

Loose rock dams

Tree planting• Survival rate is 10%• Protection from

grazing & fire• Watering

NORTHASPECT

SOUTHASPECT

Is this ecosystem healthy???

• Freshwater biodiversity dependent on springs (plants, insects, fish and other vertebrates)

• Many of the most threatened species (large mammals, fish & amphibians) depend on springs

• And these are some of the most heavily used ecosystems


With livestock or wildlife guzzler

LUNCH!REFERENCES:

Molur, S., Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2011. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.

Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature 403, 853-858(24 February 2000).

Naik, P.K., · A.K. Awasthi, P.C. Mohan. 2002. Springs in a Headwater Basin in the Deccan Trap Country of the Western Ghats, India. Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:553–565.

Godavalli Village

Panchgani Tableland

Main Spring at Temple

N

Godavalli Village Mapping & RecommendationsFeb 2014

Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Sub-Watershed Spring Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour

N

Watershed & SpringFeb 2014

Godavalli Aquifer Contour

Feb 2014

WellsSpring

*

Longitude (decimal degrees)

Latit

ude

(dec

imal

deg

rees

)

Elevation (m)

WellsSpringFlow Vectors

*

Godavalli Aquifer Feb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

Talus & Soils Complex

1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

Laterite Rocky Plateau

Geologic SectionFeb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt


1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt


RECHARGE ZONE

SPRING – DISCHARGE ZONE

Recharge & Discharge Zones

Feb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt


1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt


Orthographic SectionFeb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt


1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt


Recharge ZoneFeb 2014

RECHARGE ZONE

Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Springshed Recharge Zone Springshed Discharge Zone Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour

N

Recharge & Discharge ZonesFeb 2014

Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Management – Reforestation Management – Roof Water Harvest & Limited Pumping Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour

N

Management RecommendationsFeb 2014

Tomorrow’s Field VisitUmbari Village

**

• Approximate spring locations• What do you notice about the landscape?

**

• Notice anything else?

Recent fire scars

Spring Quiz!

LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations


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XX

Protect from fire, reduce grazing, ban wood collection, limit pumping


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