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1st declension case endings; personal endings for verbs; more 1st Decl and 1st Conj vocabulary; translation practice
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LATIN I /INTRO TO
LATINA study of the Latin language and the
history, culture and geography of Ancient
Rome
NOUN ENDINGSNoun endings vary to indicate:• Number – singular or plural• Case – function in the sentence.The pattern of endings is determined
by:• Gender – Masculine, Feminine,
Neuter• Declension – 1st through 5th
NOUN STEMThe stem of a noun is the word without its case ending.
puell / a(stem) (nominative singular ending)puell / ae(stem) (genitive singular ending)
CASES• Nominative – subject and predicative
nominative • Genitive – possession • Dative – indirect object• Accusative – direct object
(also with some prepositions)
• Ablative – from/with/in or by(with or without
prepositions)
LATER
LATER
GENITIVE – POSSESSION (ENGLISH)
The daughter of the queen calls a servant.
The queen’s daughter calls a servant.
Nom
Gen
Gen
Acc
Acc
Nom
DATIVE – INDIRECT OBJECT (ENGLISH)
The poet gives roses to the girl.
The poet gives the girl roses.
Nom
Dat
Acc
Acc
Dat
Nom
ABLATIVE – MEANS OR INSTRUMENT (ENGLISH)
The sailors fight by means of feathers.
The sailors fight with feathers.
Nom
Abl
Abl
Nom
1ST DECL ENDINGS
Singular Plural
Nominative
-a -ae
Genitive -ae -ārum
Dative -ae -īs
Accusative
-am -ās
Ablative -ā -īs
PUELLA DECLINED
puella, puellae, F, girl Stem = puell
Singular PluralNominative
puella puellae
Genitive puellae puellārumDative puellae puellīsAccusative puellam puellās Ablative puellā puellīs
AAAACKKKK!!!!!!!!
Some of these endings are the exact same!
Singular PluralNominative
puella puellae
Genitive puellae puellārumDative puellae puellīsAccusative puellam puellās Ablative puellā puellīs
HOW DO I KNOW WHICH CASE & NUMBER IT IS?
What are these words?
bow
read
wind
fishCONTEXT
VERBS CHANGE TO REFLECT THE FOLLOWING:
•Person•Number•Tense•Voice•Mood
1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it, they)
Singular or plural
For now think present, past, and futureActive: Subject performs the verb action. (The girl kicks the ball.)Passive: Subject receives the verb action. (The ball is kicked by the girl.)
Worry about this later. 95% of first year Latin is Indicative mood.
VERBSThere are 4 conjugations (families) of verbs in Latin. Each has its own pattern of indicators for Person, Number, Tense, Voice, and Mood.
VERBSFour principal parts of a verb
vocō
• 1st person singular, present active indicative
• I call, I am calling
vocāre
• Present active infinitive
• To call
vocāvī
• 1st person singular, perfect active indicative
• I have called
vocātus
• Perfect passive participle
• Having been called
VERBSFor vocabulary you must memorize the four principal parts and the meaning.First conjugation nouns end in –ō
for the first principal part and –āre for the second principal part.Most first conjugation verbs are regular, so you only need to memorize the first two principal parts if the last two follow the pattern.
VERBSThe stem of a verb is the infinitive with the –re dropped.vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus (1): to call vocā / re(stem)
(Note: This is the present stem and is used for the first 3 tenses. When we get to the other tenses, we’ll talk about the other stem.)
VERBS
Singular Plural1st Person -ō *** -mus2nd Person -s -tis3rd Person -t -nt
Endings for 1st Conjugation Verbs
***The final “a” disappears!
VERBSSingular Plural
1st Person
I call, am calling We call, are calling
2nd Person
You (sing) call, are calling
You (pl) “y’all” call, are calling
3rd Person
He/she/it calls, is calling
They call, are callingSingular Plural
1st Person
vocā + ō = vocō vocā + mus = vocāmus
2nd Person
vocā + s = vocās vocā + tis = vocātis
3rd Person
vocā + t = vocat vocā + nt = vocant
Present Active Indicative of vocō, vocāre, vocāvi, vocātus: to call
VERBSThere does not have to be a subject to agree with the verb. It can be assumed.Vocat.
He is calling. (or she or it; use context if possible to figure it out)However, there can be a subject. In that case, the subject and verb must agree in number.Puella vocat.
The girl is calling.Puellae vocant.
The girls are calling.
VOCABULARY REVIEW
• discipula, discipulae, F
• femina, feminae, F• filia, filiae, F• magistra, magistrae,
F• puella, puellae, F• regina, reginae, F• serva, servae, F
female studentwomandaughterfemale teachergirlqueenfemale
servant/ slave
MORE VOCAB REVIEW • ambulō (1)
• amō (1)• laudō (1)• portō (1)• vocō (1)• et• non• sed
walklovepraisecarrycallandnotbut
NEW VOCABULARY
• agricola, agricolae, M• incola, incolae, M/F• nauta, nautae, M• poeta, poetae, M• scriba, scribae, M
farmerinhabitant
sailorpoetscribe
NEW VOCABULARY
• cena, cenae, F• corōna, corōnae, F• familia, familiae, F• flamma, flammae,
F• insula, insulae, F• pinna, pinnae, F
(or penna)
dinnercrownfamilyflameislandfeather
NEW VOCABULARY
• clamō (1)• coronō (1)• dō, dare, dedī,
datus (1)• optō (1)• parō (1)• pugnō (1)
shoutcrowngivechoosepreparefight
Irregular!
GENITIVE – POSSESSION (LATIN)
The daughter of the queen calls a servant.
The queen’s daughter calls a servant.
Nom
Gen
Gen
Acc
Acc
Nom
reginae
reginae
vocat
DATIVE – INDIRECT OBJECT (LATIN)
The poet gives a gift to the girl.
The poet gives the girl a gift.
Nom
Dat
Acc
Acc
Dat
Nom
puellae
puellae
dat
ABLATIVE – MEANS OR INSTRUMENT (LATIN)
The sailors fight by means of feathers.
The sailors fight with feathers.
Nom
Abl
Abl
Nom
pinnīs
pinnīs
pugnant
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
An inhabitant gives the crown to the queen.
incola dō corōna reginaIncola dat coronam reginae.The island’s inhabitants crown the
queen. insula incola corōnō reginaIncolae insulae coronant reginam.