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Language and
Language and
ThoughtThought
Essay Selections
Essay Selections
Sci
enti
fic
Sci
enti
fic
Language
Language
language that evokes the
language that evokes the
authority of science
authority of science presents a view as
presents a view as detached, researched, and
detached, researched, and
factualfactual
NoteNote: two opposing sides
: two opposing sides
often have conflicting
often have conflicting
scientific support because
scientific support because
scientific results are also
scientific results are also
subject to interpretation
subject to interpretation
Clic
hés
of
Clic
hés
of
Thought
Thought
like a formula; it
like a formula; it disregards the true
disregards the true complexity of issues
complexity of issues stereotyped solutions &
stereotyped solutions &
““knee-jerk” reactions
knee-jerk” reactions Ex. What causes juvenile
Ex. What causes juvenile delinquency?
delinquency?A liberal may say poverty. A
A liberal may say poverty. A
conservative may say a
conservative may say a
decline in religion.
decline in religion.
Meta
phor
Meta
phor
an implied comparison
an implied comparison
achieved through a
achieved through a
figurative use of words
figurative use of words Think critically. When does
Think critically. When does
the metaphor break
the metaphor break
down? How are the two
down? How are the two
elements elements dissimilar
dissimilar? ? Ex: Life's but a walking
Ex: Life's but a walking
shadow; a poor player,
shadow; a poor player,
That struts and frets his
That struts and frets his
hour upon the stage.
hour upon the stage. --Shakespeare,
--Shakespeare, MacbethMacbeth
Eff
ect
of
Eff
ect
of
Pronouns
Pronouns
Consider the rhetorical effect of
Consider the rhetorical effect of
different pronouns within a text.
different pronouns within a text.
How does a writer refer to people?
How does a writer refer to people?
Ex: 1Ex: 1 stst Person “I” may present
Person “I” may present
information as first hand or
information as first hand or
attempt to create personal
attempt to create personal
credibility.credibility.
33 rdrd Person “You” could be used to
Person “You” could be used to
point a finger at the audience or
point a finger at the audience or
to draw them into the argument.
to draw them into the argument.Plural pronouns like “we” and “us”
Plural pronouns like “we” and “us”
may include the reader in the
may include the reader in the
same category as the writer or
same category as the writer or
attempt to gain the reader’s
attempt to gain the reader’s
agreement.
agreement.
Pers
onifi
cati
on
Pers
onifi
cati
on
attribution of personality
attribution of personality
to an impersonal thing
to an impersonal thing What is the effect of
What is the effect of
humanizing a thing?
humanizing a thing? Ex: “That exam just
Ex: “That exam just
chewed me up and spit
chewed me up and spit
me out.”me out.”
Euphem
ism
s
Euphem
ism
s
polite terms for unpleasant
polite terms for unpleasant
or unmentionable topics
or unmentionable topics can have a concealing
can have a concealing
effecteffect
Think critically. What is
Think critically. What is
being concealed and why?
being concealed and why? Ex. Ex. dieddied passed away
passed away
firingfiring downsizingdownsizing
sexsex slept together
slept together
Sara
h H
ask
ins
in
Sara
h H
ask
ins
in
Targ
et
Wom
en
Targ
et
Wom
en :
: Yo
ur
Gard
en
Your
Gard
en From Current TV
Punct
uati
on
Punct
uati
on
even punctuation can be used
even punctuation can be used
rhetorically, that is, to produce
rhetorically, that is, to produce
a certain effect
a certain effect consider the numerous things
consider the numerous things
marks can signal to the reader:
marks can signal to the reader:
. . . . . . pause; thoughts trailing off
pause; thoughts trailing off
( ) ( ) side information;
side information; research documentation
research documentation
“ ” “ ” mockery; direct quote
mockery; direct quote
? ? asks audience to consider a
asks audience to consider a
question; sarcastically
question; sarcastically
questions
questions
another’s opinion
another’s opinion
Quota
tions
Quota
tions
Always consider
Always consider critically who is being
critically who is being
quoted.quoted.
-What criteria makes
-What criteria makes
him/her an expert?
him/her an expert?-What are his/her political
-What are his/her political
leanings?leanings?-Why would the writer
-Why would the writer
want to quote this
want to quote this individual?individual?-What is the context
-What is the context
surrounding the quotation
surrounding the quotation
—date, event, publication?
—date, event, publication?
Bill M
cKib
ben, “Te
levisio
n a
nd
Bill M
cKib
ben, “Te
levisio
n a
nd
the Tw
ilight o
f the S
ense
s”
the Tw
ilight o
f the S
ense
s”TV restricts the use of our
TV restricts the use of our
senses—that’s one of the
senses—that’s one of the
ways it robs us of
ways it robs us of
information. It asks us to use
information. It asks us to use
our eyes and ears. If it is
our eyes and ears. If it is
doing its job “correctly,” you
doing its job “correctly,” you
lose consciousness of your
lose consciousness of your
body . . . Even the senses
body . . . Even the senses
that TV caters to, sight and
that TV caters to, sight and
hearing, it limits . . . W
hen
hearing, it limits . . . W
hen
you watch TV your peripheral
you watch TV your peripheral
vision ceases to function—
vision ceases to function—
you stare at the screen like a
you stare at the screen like a
pitcher staring at the
pitcher staring at the
catcher’s mitt . . . It’s
a time-
catcher’s mitt . . . It’s
a time-
out from life. Which is okay if
out from life. Which is okay if
you’re really winded—TV as
you’re really winded—TV as
white-noise therapy has its
white-noise therapy has its
occasional value. But the
occasional value. But the
time-outs soon last longer
time-outs soon last longer
than the game, which at
than the game, which at
some level you realize is
some level you realize is
passing you by.
passing you by.
How is television
How is television
personified?
personified?
What is the What is the
effect of using
effect of using
this device?this device?
How do the How do the
quotation quotation
marks around
marks around
“correctly” “correctly”
alter its alter its
meaning?meaning?
How do the choice
How do the choice
of pronouns
of pronouns
affect the affect the
audience’s audience’s
involvement in
involvement in
the essay?the essay?
What is the What is the
purpose of the
purpose of the
main metaphor
main metaphor
in the in the
passage? passage?
Mark C
layto
n, “A
Whole
Mark C
layto
n, “A
Whole
Lot o
f Cheatin
’ Goin
g O
n”
Lot o
f Cheatin
’ Goin
g O
n”The Center for Academic Integrity
The Center for Academic Integrity
in Nashville studied 7,000 students
in Nashville studied 7,000 students
on 26 small-to-medium-size college
on 26 small-to-medium-size college
campuses in 1990, 1992, and 1995.
campuses in 1990, 1992, and 1995.
Those studies have found that
Those studies have found that
nearly 80 percent admitted to
nearly 80 percent admitted to
cheating at least once. “We’ve seen
cheating at least once. “We’ve seen
a dramatic increase in the more-
a dramatic increase in the more-
explicit forms of cheating” and
explicit forms of cheating” and
illegitimate “collaborating,” says
illegitimate “collaborating,” says
Donald McCabe, associate provost
Donald McCabe, associate provost
at Rutgers University in Newark . . .
at Rutgers University in Newark . . .
He and others blame poor role
He and others blame poor role
models and lack of parental
models and lack of parental
guidance for the growing
guidance for the growing
acceptance of cheating in colleges .
acceptance of cheating in colleges .
. . Add to that a pervasive change
. . Add to that a pervasive change
in societal values, and students can
in societal values, and students can
easily be snared if they lack a
easily be snared if they lack a
strong moral compass.
strong moral compass.
What is the effect
What is the effect
of the of the
scientific study
scientific study
and the and the
carefully carefully
explained explained
statistic?statistic?
What euphemism
What euphemism
is used for is used for
cheating? cheating?
How is it How is it
different from
different from
cheating?cheating?
What clichés of
What clichés of
thought are
thought are
offered?offered?
What is the What is the
purpose of purpose of
quoting quoting
McCabe?McCabe?