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THE EARTH’S LANDSCAPES
PEDRO FLORES. 1º ESO
INTRODUCTION: EARTH’S CLIMATIC ZONES
THE COMBINATION OF CLIMATE’S ELEMENTS AND FACTORS CREATESDIFFERENT CLIMATES ON EARTH
THE THREE MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONES ON EARTH ARE:
TORRID
BETWEEN THE TROPIC OF CANCER AND CAPRICORNCLIMATES: EQUATORIAL, TROPICAL, DESERT
FRIGID
IN THE POLAR ZONES AND HIGH MOUNTAINSCLIMATES: POLAR AND MOUNTAIN
TEMPERATE
BETWEEN THE TORRID AND FRIGID ZONECLIMATES: OCEANIC, MEDITERRANEAN AND CONTINENTAL
INTRODUCTION: EARTH’S CLIMATIC ZONES
INTRODUCTION: EARTH’S CLIMATIC ZONES
EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE IS LOCATED AROUND THE EQUATOR, UNTILL 10º
NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR APPROXIMATELY.
TEMPERATURES OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
THE ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS HIGHER THAN 25ºC AND IT IS CONSTANT ALL THE YEAR. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS OF 3ºC.
THERE ARE NO MAIN DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN SEASONS OR BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT.
PRECIPITATIONS OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
PRECIPITATIONS ARE ABUNDANT (MORE THAN 2000 MM) AND REGULAR (WITHOUTDRY SEASON)
HIGH HUMIDITY
HEAVY RAINS
RIVERS OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
RIVERS ARE REGULAR AND WITH A HIGH FLOW
(AMAZON, CONGO). THEY CARRY A LOT OF MATERIALS.
VEGETATION OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
THE TYPICAL VEGETATION IS THE RAINFOREST, KNOWN AS THE
JUNGLE IN ASIA. IT IS A DENSE FOREST WITH DIVERSE SPECIES OF TALL TREES. (EBONY, MAHOGANY TREE).
THE UNDERGROWTH IS DARK AND
HUMID (FERN, MOSS)
THE AMAZON FOREST IN AN EXAMPLE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE JUNGLE
AMAZON FOREST
FAUNA OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
DIVERSE FAUNA: MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, BIRDS AND INSECTS.
JAGUAR ANACONDAS
TOUCANSFROGS
INHABITANTS OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
MOST EQUATORIAL PLACES IN AFRICA AND AMERICA ARE UNPOPULATED,
EXCEPT BY PEOPLE LIKE THE PIGMY OR YANOMAMIS.
ASIA IS POPULATED BECAUSE OF THE
PLANTATIONS.
PEOPLE LIVE ON THE COAST,
PLATEAUS AND THE HILLSIDES.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE
TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES
- HUNTING AND GATHERING- SHEPHERDING
MODERN ACTIVITIES
- TURISM- PLANTATIONS (COFFEE, TEA, RICE..)
TROPICAL CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
THE TROPICAL BIOCLIMATE EXTENDS FROM THE BORDERS OF THE
EQUATORIAL CLIMATE TO THE PROXIMITIES OF THE TROPICS, BETWEEN 5º
AND 25º NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR.
TEMPERATURES OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
THE AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IS OVER 18º C AND THE TEMPERATURE RANGE ISBETWEEN 3º AND 10 º C.
THERE ARE NO MAIN DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE IN THE DIFFERENT SEASONS.
PRECIPITATIONS IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
PRECIPITATIONS ARE ABUNDANT, FROM 750 TO 1500 MM A YEAR, BUT IRREGULAR,BECAUSE THERE IS A RAINY SEASON (SUMMER) AND A DRY SEASON (WINTER).
THE FARER YOU ARE FROM THE EQUATOR, THE LONGER IS THE
DRY SEASON.
RIVERS IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
RIVERS ARE IRREGULAR AND DEPEND ON THE SEASONS:
HIGH OR LOW FLOW (ZAMBEZE, NILE). SOMETIMES THEY SUFFER CATASTROPHIC RISES.
VEGETATION IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
THE TYPICAL VEGETATION IS THE SAVANNAH: A PLAIN WITH TALL
AND DENSE SCRUBS, BUSHES AND GRASSES, AND SOME
DECIDUOUS TREES (ACACIA, BAOBAB). IT’S GREEN AND DENSE IN THE RAINY SEASON; YELLOW IN THE DRY SEASON.
WHEN IT DETERIORATES IT BECOMES STEPPE.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAVANNAH
SAVANNAH
FAUNA OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATETHE FAUNA CONSIST ON BIG HERBIVORE (ELEPHANTS, GIRAFFES, ZEBRAS,…) AND CARNIVORE (LIONS, HYENAS,…)
INHABITANTS OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
POPULATION LIVES ON THE COAST
AND RIVER BANKS.
THERE ARE TRADITIONAL SHEPERD
PEOPLE LIKE THE MASAI AND KIKUYUS
(KENIA), PODOKOS (CAMEROON),
SERERE (SENEGAL).
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
TRADICIONAL ACTIVITIES
- HUNTING AND GATHERING- SHEPHERDING
ACTIVIDADES MODERNAS
- TURISM- PLANTATIONS (COCOA, TEA, SUGGAR, TOBACCO…)
DESERT CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE DESERT CLIMATE
THE DESERT CLIMATE IS CLOCATED NEAR THE TROPICS, IN BOTH
HEMISPHERES, BETWEEN 15º AND 35º LATITUDE NORTH AND SOUTH
APPROXIMATELY.
TEMPERATURES IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
THE ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS OVER 18º C. THERE IS A HIGH TEMPERATURE RANGE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT, WITH EVEN 201 OF DIFFERENCE.
MAXIMUN TEMPERATURE: 58ºMINIMUN TEMPERATURE: -28º
THERE ARE NO MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEENTEMPERATURES INT HE DIFFERENT SEASONS.
THE MAXIMUM HUMIDITY IN THE DESERT IS 50% AND SOMETIMES IT’S ONLY 20%
PRECIPITATIONS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
PRECIPITATIONS ARE VERY SCARCE AND IRREGULAR (LESS THAN 250 MM A YEAR)
RIVERS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
RIVERS IN THE DESERT (UADIS) ONLY CARRY
WATER AFTER PRECIPITATIONS. THE REST OF THE TIME, THE RIVER BEDS ARE TOTALLY DRY.
VEGETATION OF THE DESERT CLIMATE
FLORA IS SCARCE, SMALL AND DISPERSE IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
LOW GRASSES AND ISOLATED
BUSHES WITH PLANTS LIKE CACTUS AND SCRUBS.
IN OASIS WE CAN FIND PALMS AND BUSHES.
DESERT
FAUNA IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
FAUNA IS SCARCE IN THE DESERT CLIMATE.
SNAKES LIZARDS
SCORPIONSCAMELS
HABITANTS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
THE BOSQUIMANOS, LIVE IN THE KALAHARI DESERT, LOCATED IN THE
SOUTH OF AFRICA. THE LIVE ON HUNTING AND GATHERING OF FRUITS AND
WILD ROOTS.
THE TUAREG WERE NOMAD PEOPLE
WHO LIVED IN THE SAHARA DESERT.
THEY LIVE ON TRADE.
BEDOUINS ARE NOMAD OF THE
STEPPES IN NORTH-EAST AFRICA AND
MIDDLE EAST.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE DESERT CLIMATE
TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES
- HUNTING AND GATHERING- SHEPHERDING- TRADE- AGRICULTURE IN OASIS
MODERN ACTIVITIES
- TURISM- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
EL MEDIO NATURAL MEDITERRÁNEO SE LOCALIZA EN TORNO AL MAR
MEDITERRÁNEO Y EN ZONAS DEL OESTE DE AMÉRICA, ÁFRICA Y
AUSTRALIA; EN LA COSTA OESTE ENTRE LOS 30º Y 45º NORTE Y SUR.
TEMPERATURES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE RANGE IS LOW BECAUSE OF THE SEA INGLUENCE. WINTERS ARE MILD ANDSUMMERS ARE HOT OR EVEN TORRID (MORE THAN 22º C)
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 10º AND 20º C.
PRECIPITATIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
PRECIPITATIONS ARE SCARCE, BETWEEN 300 AND 800 MM A YEAR, AND IRREGULARBECAUSE SUMMERS ARE DRY.
RIVERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS HAVE A SCARCE FLOW
RATE (IN SUMMER) AND IRREGULAR (SEGURA,
TÍBER). FLOODS ARE VERY COMMON BECAUSE OF THE HEAVY RAINS.
THE MEDITERRANEAN FOREST IS
COMPOSED BY PERENNIAL TREES
(EVERGREEN OAK, PINE, CORCK
OAK), LOW, SMALL AND WITH HARD LEAVES.
SHRUBS, JUNIPER AND PLANTS LIKE
ALDER TREES, THYME, ROSEMARY
AND LAVENDER.
VEGETATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
Mediterranean forest: evergreen oak, cork oak,
and pines.
Jara
Brezo
Lentisco
Retama
Maquia
Tomillo
EspartalGarrigaEstepaLavanda
Romero
Palmito
FAUNA IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
FAUNA IS DIVERSE: SMALL MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, INSECTS.
LYNX IBERIAN EAGLE
OWLHARE
IT IS AN ENVIRONMENT INHABITED SINCE ANCIENT TIMES AND
TRANSFORMED BY HUMAN BEINGS.
INHABITANTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES
- NON-IRRIGATED LANDS (WHEAT, VINES AND OLIVES)- IRRIGATED LANDS (VEGETABLES AND FRUITS).
MODERN ACTIVITIES
- TOURISM- GREENHOUSES
OCEANIC CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
LOCATED ON THE WESTERN COASTS OF THE CONTINENTES, BETWEEN
PARALLELS 40º AND 60º NORTH AND SOUTH.
TEMPERATURES IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 0º AND 10ºC. SMALL TEMPERATURE RANGE DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEA.
COLD WINTERS (BUT NO LOWER THAN -3ºC).
FRESH SUMMERS (NOT OVER 22ºC).
PRECIPITATIONS IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
PRECIPITATIONS ARE ABUNDANT (MORE THAN 800 MM A YEAR) AND REGULAR, WITHOUTH ANY DRY MONTH.
RIVERS IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
RIVERS HAVE A HIGH FLOW RATE AND REGULAR, LIKE THE THAMES, LOIRE AND RHINE.
VEGETATION IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATETHE TYPICAL VEGETATION IS THE DECIDIOUS FOREST, FORMED
BY TALL TREES, STRAIGH TRUNKS, AND BIG LEAVES (BEECH, OAK, EUCALYOTUS, CHESTNUT, ASH).
THERE ARE ALSO SHRUB AND GREEN
MEADOWS.
FAUNA IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
FAUNA IS ABUNDANT (MAMMALS, BIRDS…)
BEARS WILD BOARS
SQUIRRELS EAGLES
INHABITANTS IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
IN EUROPE IS A PLACE VERY POPULATED AND TRANSFORMED, WHILE IN
AMERICA AND OCEANIA THE POPULATION DENSITY IS LOWER.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES
- THERE ARE NOT
MODERN ACTIVITIES
- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE- INDUSTRY- COMMUNICATIONS- TOURISM- TRADE
CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE IS LOCATED IN THE INTERIOR OF THE
CONTINENTES OF EUROPE, ASIA AND NORTH AMERICA, PLACED FAR AWAY
FROM MASSES OF WATER AND ITS EFFECTS.
TEMPERATURES IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE
THE ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 0 AND 10ºC. THERE IS NO SEA INFLUENCE, SO THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS VERY HIGH.
WINTERS ARE VERY COLD, SOME MONTHS BELOW -3º C.
SUMMERS ARE HOT
PRECIPITATIONS IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
PRECIPIATIONS ARE MODERATE (BETWEEN 300 AND 800 MM A YEAR), BUT LOWERON THE COAST. IT USUALLY RAINS IN SUMMER, IN WINTER IN THE FORM OF SNOW.
RIVERS IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
RIVERS ARE LARGE AND WITH A
HIGH FLOW RATE (VOLGA, YUKON).
THEY ARE FROZEN IN WINTER, AND
CARRY A LOT OF WATER IN SPRING
BECAUSE OF THE MELTING OF SNOW.
VEGETATION IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
VEGETATION VARIES WITH LATITUD AND PRECIPITATIONS.
TAIGA OR CONIFER FOREST:
PERENNIAL TREES LIKE FIR TREES
OR PINES.STEPPES IN WARMER AND DRIER
PLACES ESWITH SMALL GRASSES.
MEDOWS IN COLDER AND MORE
HUMID ZONES COMPOSED BY TALL
GRASSES.
FAUNA IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
FAUNA IS COMPOSED BY BIG MAMMALS (BEARS, MOOSES AND WOLVES) AND RODENTS (BEAVERS AND MINKS).
MOOSE BEAVER
MINKBEAR
INHABITANTS IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
GREAT CITIES AND HIGH POPULATED AREAS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES
- HUNTING AND GATHERING
MODERN ACTIVITIES
- WOOD INDUSTRY- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
POLAR CLIMATE
LOCATION OF THE POLAR CLIMATE
LOCATED BETWEEN THE ARTIC AND ANCTARCTIC CIRCLES AND THE POLES (NORTH AND SOUTH). IT COVERS AROUND 28% OF THE EMERGED LANDS.
TEMPERATURES IN THE POLAR CLIMATETEMPERATURES ARE VERY LOW DURING THE WHOLE YEAR. ANY MONTH HAS AN
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE HIGHER THAN 10ºC.
IN WINTER TEMPERATURES CAN REACH -50ºC
THERE IS NO SUMMER, ANY MONTH IS OVER 10 ºC.
THE REASON OF THESE LOW TEMPERATURES IS THEINCLINATION OF THE SOLAR RAYS.
PRECIPITATIONS IN THE POLAR CLIMATE PRECIPITATIONS ARE SCARCE, LOWER THAN 250 MM A YEAR. IN THE FORM OF SNOW.
RIVERS IN THE POLAR CLIMATE
THERE ARE NO RIVERS. WATER IS PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ICE. IN
THE ARTIC, THE ICEFIELD HAS 5 METERS OF THICKNESS.
IN THE ANCTARCTICA, THE ICEFIELD HAS 2000 METERS OF
THICKNESS.
VEGETATION IN THE POLAR CLIMATEIN THE GLACIAR ZONE THERE IS NO VEGETATION. THE LOW
TEMPERATURES AND THE PERMAFROST DON’T ALLOW IT TO GROW.
AROUN THE POLES, THERE IS THE TUNDRA (GRASSS AND SCRUBLAND).
POLAR LANDSCAPE
FAUNA IN THE POLAR CLIMATE
FAUNA IS SCARCE. THERE ARE ANIMALS WITH THICK SKINS (POLAR BEARS, REINDEERS) AND FAT (SEAL, ARCTIC FOX).
SEAL REINDEER
POLAR BEARPENGUIN
INHABITANTS IN THE POLAR CLIMATE
ONLY 0,02% OF WORLD
POPULATION LIVES HERE.
IN THE ARCTIC THERE ARE ESKIMOS
OR INUIT (AMERICA) AND LAPPS
(ESCANDINAVIA).
IN ANCTARCTICA JUST SCIENTIFIC
STATIONS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE POLAR CLIMATE
TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES
- HUNTING AND GATHERING
MODERN ACTIVITIES
- SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES- TRADE ROUTES
MOUNTAIN CLIMATE
LOCALIZACIÓN DEL CLIMA DE MONTAÑA
EL MEDIO NATURAL DESÉRTICO SE LOCALIZA EN LAS PROXIMIDADES DE
LOS TRÓPICOS DE CADA HEMISFERIO, ENTRE LOS 15 Y 35 GRADOS DE
LATITUD APROXIMADAMENTE.
TEMPERATURAS DEL CLIMA DE MONTAÑA
LA TEMPERATURA MEDIA ANUAL ES DE MÁS DE 18º. CON FUERTES OSCILACIONES ENTRE ELDÍA Y LA NOCHE DE HASTA 20º DE DIFERENCIA
TEMPERATURA MÁXIMA: 58ºTEMPERATURA MÍNIMA: -28º
NO EXISTEN DEMASIADAS DIFERENCIAS DETEMPERATURA ENTRE LAS DIFERENTES ESTACIONES
LA HUMEDAD MÁXIMA EN EL DESIERTO ES 50% Y EN OCASIONES SÓLO ALCANZA EL 20%
PRECIPITACIONES DEL CLIMA DESÉRTICO
LAS PRECIPITACIONES SON MUY ESCASAS, E IRREGULARES (INFERIORES A 250 MM ANUALES)
RÍOS DEL CLIMA DESÉRTICO
LOS RÍOS DE LOS DESIERTOS (UADIS) SOLO
LLEVAN AGUA DESPUÉS DE LAS
PRECIPITACIONES; EL RESTO DEL TIEMPO SUS CAUCES PERMANECEN SECOS.
VEGETACIÓN DEL CLIMA DESÉRTICO
LA FLORA DEL CLIMA DESÉRTICO ES ESCASA, BAJA Y DISPERSA
HIERBAS BAJAS Y ARBUSTOS
AISLADOS Y PLANTAS
ESPINOSAS, COMO LOS CACTUS Y MATORRALES.
EN LOS OASIS CON MÁS AGUA SI HAY PALMERAS Y ARBUSTOS.
FAUNA DEL CLIMA DESÉRTICO
LA FAUNA DE LOS DESIERTOS ES ESCASA Y POCO VARIADA
SERPIENTES LAGARTOS
ESCORPIONESCAMELLOS
HABITANTES DEL CLIMA DESÉRTICO
LOS BOSQUIMANOS, VIVEN EN EL DESIERTO DEL KALAHARI, LOCALIZADO
EN EL SUR DE ÁFRICA, DEDICADOS A LA CAZA Y A LA RECOLECCIÓN DE
FRUTOS Y DE RAÍCES SILVESTRES.
LOS TUAREG ERAN PUEBLOS
NÓMADAS QUE VIVÍAN EN EL
DESIERTO DEL SAHARA. DEDICADOS
AL COMERCIO CON CARAVANAS.
LOS BEDUINOS SON
PUEBLOS NÓMADAS DE LAS ESTEPAS
DEL NORESTE DE ÁFRICA Y ORIENTE
MEDIO
ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS EN EL CLIMA DESÉRTICO
ACTIVIDADES TRADICIONALES
- CAZA Y RECOLECCIÓN- PASTOREO- COMERCIO CARAVANERO- AGRICULTURA SEDENTARIA
EN OASIS
ACTIVIDADES MODERNAS
- TURISMO- AGRICULTURA INTENSIVA
