Kshs2005 web version

Viticulture ProgramViticulture ProgramKentucky State U

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ROOTSTOCK ROOTSTOCK CONSIDERATIONS... ...CONSIDERATIONS... ...

Sanjun GuSanjun GuKentucky State UniversityKentucky State University



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Phylloxera



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Thomas Volney Munson

•The French government : the French Legion of Honor Chevalier du Merite Agricole (1888)

•Foundations of American Grape Culture (1909), the standard reference for grape culture in the United States.



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Much of the world’s viticulture involves rootstocks (Robert 1976).

ScionsScions are usually a are usually a Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera cultivar.cultivar. RootstocksRootstocks are often North American species are often North American species

or their hybrids. or their hybrids.



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Rootstocks, YES or NO? YES if do vinifera!YES if do vinifera! PhylloxeraPhylloxera—soil-borne pest. Native to —soil-borne pest. Native to

North AmericaNorth America And,And,

Immune:Immune: Muscadinia rotundifolia Muscadinia rotundifolia Resistant: Resistant: V. riparia, berlandieri, and V. riparia, berlandieri, and

rupestrisrupestris Susceptible: Susceptible: V. viniferaV. vinifera



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ROOTSTOCK:ROOTSTOCK: The The plant forming the root plant forming the root system of a grapevine system of a grapevine to which to which a fruiting a fruiting cultivarcultivar is grafted. is grafted.

SCION: SCION: The fruiting The fruiting cultivar above.cultivar above.

GRAFTING: GRAFTING: The The process to join the process to join the rootstock and scion rootstock and scion together.together.

Grafting Union



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The Genus VitisVitisVitis (from (from vita=vita=life)life)About 60 species, mostly Northern About 60 species, mostly Northern Hemisphere, 70% North AmericanHemisphere, 70% North AmericanV. vinifera: V. vinifera: European grapeEuropean grapeV. aestivalis: V. aestivalis: Summer or Pigeon grape or Summer or Pigeon grape or bunch grapebunch grapeV. labrusca:V. labrusca: Fox grapeFox grapeV. riparia: V. riparia: River bank grapeRiver bank grapeV. rotundifoliaV. rotundifolia:: Muscadine grapeMuscadine grapeV. amurensis:V. amurensis: Amur grape (ManchuriaAmur grape (Manchuria))V. rupestrisV. rupestris



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Still Rootstocks? If I do Hybrids or American……

You do NOT have to, but:You do NOT have to, but:Other pest resistance: root nematodes.Other pest resistance: root nematodes.Abiotic tolerance: lime, drought, salt, low Abiotic tolerance: lime, drought, salt, low temperatures, etc.temperatures, etc.Vegetative growth.Vegetative growth.Yield.Yield.Fruit and Wine Quality.Fruit and Wine Quality.



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Criteria for Choosing Rootstocks (Reynolds &Wardle, 2001)

Phylloxera resistancePhylloxera resistanceNematodes resistanceNematodes resistanceAdaptability to high pH soilAdaptability to high pH soilAdaptability to saline soilAdaptability to saline soilAdaptability to low pH soilAdaptability to low pH soilAdaptability to wet/poor drainage soilAdaptability to wet/poor drainage soilAdaptability to droughtAdaptability to drought

***Pest and Soil******Pest and Soil***



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Effects on pest and disease resistance Phylloxera Phylloxera (Harmon and Elmer, 1952; Shaulis, 1969; Lider 1993; (Harmon and Elmer, 1952; Shaulis, 1969; Lider 1993;

Mullins 1992.)Mullins 1992.)

V. rotundifoliaV. rotundifolia,, V. riparia, berlandieri, V. riparia, berlandieri, and and rupestris.rupestris. Riparia Glorie, 1104-14 Mgt, SORiparia Glorie, 1104-14 Mgt, SO44, 5BB, St. George., 5BB, St. George. Nematodes Nematodes (Harmoon, 1952; Cirami, 1984; Mullis 1992.)(Harmoon, 1952; Cirami, 1984; Mullis 1992.)

V. champini, cinerea, longiiV. champini, cinerea, longii.. Ramsey, Dog Ridge, Harmony, 1613 C, SORamsey, Dog Ridge, Harmony, 1613 C, SO44. etc.. etc.

Pierce’s disease Pierce’s disease (Loomis, 1965.)(Loomis, 1965.)

V. champini, V. rotundifolia V. champini, V. rotundifolia x x V. bourquinianaV. bourquiniana

Barnes, Dog Ridge, and B-45. Barnes, Dog Ridge, and B-45.



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Effects on Abiotic Tolerance

Lime toleranceLime tolerance Vitis berlandieri Vitis berlandieri andand vinifera. vinifera. 41 B, 333 EM, Fercal.41 B, 333 EM, Fercal.

Drought tolerance Drought tolerance Hybrids of Hybrids of Vitis berlandieri/rupesrtisVitis berlandieri/rupesrtis. 110 R, 140 Ru, . 110 R, 140 Ru,

1103 P and 99 R.1103 P and 99 R. Salt toleranceSalt tolerance Vitis champini. Vitis champini. Ramsey.Ramsey.



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Rootstock Physiology: what do rootstocks do? Not so clear! Direct effectDirect effect

The root system: root anatomy and The root system: root anatomy and morphology, development and morphology, development and distribution—genetics x soil environmentdistribution—genetics x soil environment

Nutrition: mineral uptakeNutrition: mineral uptake HormonesHormones

Indirect effectIndirect effect



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Effects on mineral nutrient and chloride accumulation Use of rootstocks affects mineral ion uptake and Use of rootstocks affects mineral ion uptake and

distribution. Leaf Kdistribution. Leaf K++ level was highest on stocks level was highest on stocks 53 M and SO4, and lowest on 140 R, 420 A. 53 M and SO4, and lowest on 140 R, 420 A. (Cook et al., 1964; Tanggolar et al., 1989; (Cook et al., 1964; Tanggolar et al., 1989; Fardossi et al., 1995, Brancadoro et al, 1995)Fardossi et al., 1995, Brancadoro et al, 1995)

ClCl- - accumulation of grape ‘Cardinal’ and accumulation of grape ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’ scions varied with ‘Thompson Seedless’ scions varied with rootstocks significantly. Vines on 1613-3 and ‘Salt rootstocks significantly. Vines on 1613-3 and ‘Salt Creek’ roots accumulated extremely low chloride. Creek’ roots accumulated extremely low chloride. (Bernstein et al. 1969)(Bernstein et al. 1969)



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Effect on cold hardiness: vinifera and hybrid cultivars

Canes of grafted ‘White Riesling’ and Canes of grafted ‘White Riesling’ and ‘Chardonnay’ are hardier than ungrafted vines. ‘Chardonnay’ are hardier than ungrafted vines. Rootstock 3309 (over 5BB and SO4) is most Rootstock 3309 (over 5BB and SO4) is most desirable in relation to winter survival. desirable in relation to winter survival. (Miller et (Miller et al. 1988) al. 1988)

‘‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ showed Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ showed less frost damage when grafted on 5BB and P1103 less frost damage when grafted on 5BB and P1103 than on SO4 and 420A. than on SO4 and 420A. (Palliotti et al., 1991)(Palliotti et al., 1991)

Grafted ‘Seyval’ has better cold hardiness of buds Grafted ‘Seyval’ has better cold hardiness of buds than ungrafted. 3309 proved to be the hardiest than ungrafted. 3309 proved to be the hardiest rootstock. rootstock. (Striegler and Howell, 1991)(Striegler and Howell, 1991)



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Effects on vigor Pruning weight and Pruning weight and growth rategrowth rate have been used to express vine have been used to express vine

vigor.vigor. Most selected, pest-resistant rootstocks increase vigor. Most selected, pest-resistant rootstocks increase vigor. (Elmer (Elmer

and Harmon, 1935, 1950, 1956; Vaile, 1937. Hedberg, 1980; and Harmon, 1935, 1950, 1956; Vaile, 1937. Hedberg, 1980; Ferree, 1996; Wounderer, 1999; Lovicu, 1999)Ferree, 1996; Wounderer, 1999; Lovicu, 1999)

In general, vigorous rootstocks produced more wood in the first In general, vigorous rootstocks produced more wood in the first growing season and increased circumference thereafter than growing season and increased circumference thereafter than those of weak rootstocks. those of weak rootstocks. (Elmer and Harmon, 1948)(Elmer and Harmon, 1948)

TheThe species species V. champini, berlandieri, rupestris V. champini, berlandieri, rupestris and their and their hybrids are most vigorous whilehybrids are most vigorous while V. riparia V. riparia has the least vigor. has the least vigor. St George, 99 R, 110 R, etc. are most vigorous. Riparia Gloire St George, 99 R, 110 R, etc. are most vigorous. Riparia Gloire and 101-14 are among the least. and 101-14 are among the least. (Roriz, 1999)(Roriz, 1999)



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Effects on bud break and dormancy ‘‘Riesling’ and ‘Chardonnay’ deacclimated earlier Riesling’ and ‘Chardonnay’ deacclimated earlier

when grafted on 5BB than when on 3309. when grafted on 5BB than when on 3309. (Miller (Miller et al., 1988)et al., 1988)

Buds of ‘Anab e Shahi’ broke later on their own Buds of ‘Anab e Shahi’ broke later on their own roots and Dog Ridge. Rootstock Gulabi sharply roots and Dog Ridge. Rootstock Gulabi sharply shortened the bud dormancy shortened the bud dormancy (Prakash, 1990).(Prakash, 1990).

Tangolar (1989)Tangolar (1989) found that grape buds burst found that grape buds burst early on rootstock 420 A and early on rootstock 420 A and Reddy (1990)Reddy (1990) stated that rootstocks Gulabi and 1613 increased stated that rootstocks Gulabi and 1613 increased bud “fertility”.bud “fertility”.



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Results|Cold hardinessCold hardiness

RootstockRootstockWinter 2000-2001Winter 2000-2001

Number of budsNumber of buds from canesfrom canes

Number of buds Number of buds NOT from canesNOT from canes

Winter survivalWinter survival (%) (%)

11011011031103

3309 3309 420 420

St. GeorgeSt. GeorgeOwn-rootedOwn-rooted

GloireGloire

2.2 2.2 abab1.7 1.7 aa4.6 4.6 cc

3.4 3.4 bcbc1.1 1.1 aa

2.3 2.3 abab2.1 2.1 abab

4.5 4.5 bb3.6 3.6 abab6.2 6.2 bb8.0 8.0 cc2.9 2.9 aa7.9 7.9 bcbc2.8 2.8 aa

64.6 64.6 abcabc54.2 54.2 abab37.5 37.5 aa

72.9 72.9 bcbc47.9 47.9 abab87.5 87.5 cc

47.9 47.9 abab

Nemaha NE



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Results|Vine GrowthVine Growth

RootstockRootstockBudbreakBudbreak

(m/d) (m/d) PruningPruningweight weight (g) (g)

Leaf areaLeaf area(cm(cm22) )

Shoot Shoot lengthlength(cm) (cm)

11011011031103

3309 3309 420 420

St. GeorgeSt. GeorgeOwn-rootedOwn-rooted

GloireGloire

4/25 4/25 bb4/23 4/23 bb4/15 4/15 aa4/17 4/17 aa4/25 4/25 bb4/27 4/27 bb4/18 4/18 aa

36.936.944.744.748.348.345.045.027.027.045.345.344.244.2

180.7180.777.877.891.991.9

107. 7107. 781.081.089.389.393.493.4

42.442.435.935.943.643.659.259.240.540.538.338.345.145.1



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Results|Budbreak

4/4

4/9

4/14

4/19

4/24

4/29

5/4

Mounded Not-mounded

110 1103 3309 420 St. George Gloire Own-rooted

abdaba cdbcab



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Effects on Endogenous ABA and GA4 (Dormant buds)

0

100200

300400500600

700800

900

Grafted Chambourcin Chambourcin

ABA (ng/g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Grafted Chambourcin Chambourcin

GA4 (ng/g)



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Effects on photosynthesis, carbohydrates and dry matter partitioning

Photosynthetic rate: ‘Muller Thurgau’ had high Photosynthetic rate: ‘Muller Thurgau’ had high rate on K5BB and SO4 and low rate on R 140 rate on K5BB and SO4 and low rate on R 140 (Candolfi et al. 1997; Koblet, 1997).(Candolfi et al. 1997; Koblet, 1997).

‘‘Riesling’ had higher rate when grafted on K5BB Riesling’ had higher rate when grafted on K5BB than on its own roots though the stomatal than on its own roots though the stomatal conductance were similar conductance were similar (During, 1994).(During, 1994).

Cane Carbohydrate levels and the partitioning of Cane Carbohydrate levels and the partitioning of dry matter were not affected by rootstocks dry matter were not affected by rootstocks (Tangolar, 1989; Williams and Smith, 1991).(Tangolar, 1989; Williams and Smith, 1991).



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Effects on Berries MaturityMaturity Berry size, growth rate, weightBerry size, growth rate, weight Cluster size, berries/clusterCluster size, berries/cluster Sugar contents(glucose and frucose), Sugar contents(glucose and frucose),

organic acid (tartaric acid, malic acid, organic acid (tartaric acid, malic acid, amino acids) and Kamino acids) and K+ + contentcontent

pHpH Anthocyanin in skinAnthocyanin in skin



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Effects on Yield

Yield was an important consideration in Yield was an important consideration in selection of rootstock selection of rootstock (Harmon and Elmer, 1948, (Harmon and Elmer, 1948, 1952; Shaulis, 1969.). 1952; Shaulis, 1969.).

Most selected rootstocks increase the yield Most selected rootstocks increase the yield though the situation relies on though the situation relies on scion/rootstock combinations. scion/rootstock combinations. (Hedberg, 1980; (Hedberg, 1980; Mullins 1992 ; Lider 1993; Kolbert, 1994; Ezzahouani, Mullins 1992 ; Lider 1993; Kolbert, 1994; Ezzahouani, 1995; Ferree, 1996; Lovicu, 1999. )1995; Ferree, 1996; Lovicu, 1999. )

Yields are not always positively correlated Yields are not always positively correlated to vegetative growth to vegetative growth (Cook and Lloyd ,1964 )(Cook and Lloyd ,1964 )



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Effects on Wine Quality Lower malic acid and higher tararic acid Lower malic acid and higher tararic acid

concentration if grafted; higher anthocyanin concentration if grafted; higher anthocyanin content if non-grafted. content if non-grafted. (Walker, 1998)(Walker, 1998)

‘ ‘Chardonnay’ grafted on 5C had desirable wine Chardonnay’ grafted on 5C had desirable wine characteristics– low pH, moderate acidity and characteristics– low pH, moderate acidity and good sugar levelgood sugar level. . (Ewart, 1993)(Ewart, 1993)

Rootstock SO4 performed better than 5BB, 5C, Rootstock SO4 performed better than 5BB, 5C, 41B, Fercal, EM333 and R 140. 41B, Fercal, EM333 and R 140. (Kaserer, 1997)(Kaserer, 1997)



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Other things to consider …Cost for grafting: $2000-5000/ha, depends Cost for grafting: $2000-5000/ha, depends on do-it-yourself or purchasing;on do-it-yourself or purchasing;Disease transmitted by grafting: virus;Disease transmitted by grafting: virus;Incompatibility;Incompatibility;The ungrafted vines last longer;The ungrafted vines last longer;Special attention to the grafting union, esp. Special attention to the grafting union, esp. in cold regions;in cold regions;Others you can name…Others you can name…



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What should I do if my vines are un-grafted vinifera?Removing them or replanting them on rootstocks. Removing them or replanting them on rootstocks. Phylloxera will get them sooner or later (in Phylloxera will get them sooner or later (in Kentucky!)Kentucky!)

Plant rootstock rootlings adjacent to the vines; Plant rootstock rootlings adjacent to the vines; wait, graft the trunk wait, graft the trunk

Inter-planting with 2-year old grafted vines; Inter-planting with 2-year old grafted vines; remove the own-rooted vines when the new remove the own-rooted vines when the new planting starts fruiting.planting starts fruiting.

If yield loss >10%, think replace the vines with If yield loss >10%, think replace the vines with grafted ones immediately.grafted ones immediately.



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How to indicate the vines are affected by phylloxera? Especially when you think your vineyard is “free” from phylloxera Told by stunted growth, Told by stunted growth,

not so easy thoughnot so easy though Do 2% of own-rooted Do 2% of own-rooted

vines: every 10vines: every 10thth vine in vine in every 5every 5thth row is own- row is own-rootedrooted

Plant some un-grafted Plant some un-grafted rootstocks or American rootstocks or American species as indicators: species as indicators: watch for the galls watch for the galls (Vinifera, roots; (Vinifera, roots; rootstocks, leaves, for rootstocks, leaves, for example, “Frantanac”)example, “Frantanac”)



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Am I the one to graft?Yes, you can handle it!Yes, you can handle it!

Bench graftingBench grafting Greenwood graftingGreenwood grafting Cleft, notch graftingCleft, notch grafting Bark graftingBark grafting Side-whip, wedge graftingSide-whip, wedge grafting Field budding…Field budding…



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Questions and Comments?

CONTACT:CONTACT:Dr. Sanjun GuDr. Sanjun Gu128 Atwood Research Facility128 Atwood Research Facility400 East Main Street400 East Main StreetKentucky State UniversityKentucky State UniversityFrankfort, KY 40601Frankfort, KY 40601

E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]@gwmail.kysu.eduPhone: 502-597-6186Phone: 502-597-6186Fax: 502-597-6381Fax: 502-597-6381

Coming soon! New KSU Viticulture Web……

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Kshs2005 web version