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Based on work of Simon Winchester - How earth rumbles and wreak havoc on varied places - but more amazing is story behind discovery of plate tectonics.
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Plate Tectonics
The Rage of the Earth
Why do some parts of the world erupt & the rest do not?
Why do earthquakes strike at some places and do not at other?
Why do Tsunamis strike at some coasts and do not at others?
Colonial
History
Pope Alexander VI
In 1493 Pope Alexander VI divided the world in two parts
- Eastern part to Portuguese and
- Western part to Spaniards
for looting and plunder, in the name of Christianity.
Dark Green = Spain’s Half
Light Green = Portugal’s Half
IndonesiaIndonesia
Thus Indonesia fell to Portugal.
But
Dutch replaced Portugal.
Colonial Indonesia under the Dutch rule
Modern Indonesia
Indonesia - Natural BeautyIndonesia - Natural Beauty
The Birth of Natural History
European dwellers of cold and arid North came into the contact with Nature in Tropical Land.
Indonesia was a Dutch colony with unusual concentration Indonesia was a Dutch colony with unusual concentration of scientistsof scientists
Philip Sclater & the Distinct FaunaPhilip Sclater & the Distinct Fauna
Western IslandsWestern Islands
- -
Eastern Islands Eastern Islands
Eastern IndonesiaEastern Indonesia
Western IndonesiaWestern Indonesia
Like this
Western Islands have…
Woodpecker
Barbet
Trogon
Shrike
Minivet
Drongo
Woodpecker DrongoWoodpecker Drongo BarbetBarbet Minivet Minivet Shrike Shrike TrogonTrogon
But these birds were not present at the Eastern Islands. In the Eastern Islands there were…
Bird of Paradise
Bird of Paradise
Cockatoo
Emu
Cassowary
CockatooCockatoo
Bird of Paradise Bird of Paradise Cassowary Cassowary EmuEmu
Animals were also different
Western Islands had…
Lemur
Tiger
Wolf
Mongoose
Otter
Tapir
Rhinoceros
Porcupine
Polecat
Scaly Anteater
Pole
cat W
olf
Pole
cat W
olf
An
teate
r A
nte
ate
r P
orc
up
ine
Porc
up
ine
Rh
inocero
s
Rh
inocero
s
Tap
irTap
ir
Lemur Lemur Tiger Tiger Mongoose Mongoose Otter Otter
And these were not present at the Eastern Islands. But there were some animals on the Eastern Islands…
Kangaroo
Wombat
Opossum
Platypus
KangarooKangaroo Wombat OpossumWombat Opossum PlatypusPlatypus
…which were not present at the Western ones
In making an eastward journey - the traveler will leave one world & entered
another one, utterly different.
The Eastern Islands had flora and fauna more akin to that of
Australia
Eastern Islands, Indonesia
Australia
Australia on the world Map
…while Western Islands had that akin to India
Western Islands, Indonesia
India
India on the world Map
Ist Break
Animals & birds of the Western Islands of
Indonesia were different from those of the
Eastern ones
Alfred Russel Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace
• Plants and Animals are also different
Charles Darwin
Natural Evolution –
“…species mutate and grow into another species by the process of Natural Selection and Imperfect
species are eliminated & Perfect ones carry on.”
….they discovered crucial law
Geography is highly influential in the development of biology
…species evolve differently when they are separated geographically for
great distance & time.
So if two landmasses are diverse in their flora & fauna then it means that
they are two separate blocks.
Eastern Islands & Western Islands - two different landmasses.
But they are so near to each other. Then how is it possible?
The difference in the Indonesian islands come in just 15 kilometers.
If we cross from Bali in the West to Lombok in the East, then we get to see the difference, as if a very thin boundary is running between them
The position of Bali & Lombok
The difference comes in just 15 miles
West East
What invisible boundary is dividing these two 15 miles apart islands?
He postulated Wallace Line
Wallace’s Division of World Flora & Fauna
He explained that….
Such divisions could only be explained by vast changes in the surface of the earth.
Great Pacific Continent – broke up into separate islands – allowed such different varieties of plants
and animals to evolve in isolation.
IInd Break
Now we have learnt that the difference between the two landmasses is just 15 miles wide
And this is due to the Evolution. Wallace postulated that there was a large landmass in the
past which then broke up into several smaller landmasses.
Then came Alfred Wagner
World Map
He stated that South America fits into Africa
Earlier observed by Francis Bacon and Earlier observed by Francis Bacon and othersothers
Because of Biblical belief in the Because of Biblical belief in the immovability of land, people didn’t immovability of land, people didn’t
believe thembelieve them
These two continents had indeed been together in the past.
Pangaea
Laurasia & Gondwanaland
He gave us terms like Continental
Displacement or
Continental Drift
He supported his theory by the fossil He supported his theory by the fossil evidenceevidence
Wegener stated that these two Wegener stated that these two continents had indeed been together continents had indeed been together
in the pastin the past
He He proposed proposed that in the that in the past there past there was one was one single single
continent continent called called
PangaeaPangaea
……which then broke into Laurasia and which then broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland and then into other Gondwanaland and then into other
smaller islands and continentssmaller islands and continents
Gondwanaland drifting Apart
……which then broke into Laurasia which then broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland and then into and Gondwanaland and then into
other smaller islands and other smaller islands and continentscontinents
Plate Tectonics
Continental Moves
IIIrd Break
This theory said that continents and landmasses float and drift, break apart
and converge.
Where they break away, cracks, rifts, trenches remain
Where they collide, ranges of folded mountains appear.
Other Evidences
Greenland Expedition & the clues from the
paleomagnetism of rocks.
Basalt Rocks - Fe2O3
• Made from the cooling of red-hot magma after a volcanic explosion.
• Small crystals of Fe2O3 – that are highly magnetic.
• Molten phase - crystals tend to act as miniature compasses - reflecting the magnetic orientation of Earth.
Scientific brought rock samples – magnetic composition.
• The magnets were not aligned in the direction of the present poles at all, but towards an altogether different direction.
First time a rock solid explanation for continental drift had been given,
which defeated the Church.
Discovery on the North Western US Coast of sea-floor spreading.
How South America & Africa got apart?
Sea-floor Spreading
Map of Oceanic Ridges
How the sea floor spreads?
It seemed that there is a hotspot at a particular point in the earth’s
mantle, a deep and stationary hot spot.
Convection Current
Structure of the EarthStructure of the Earth
It was proposed that Earth has It was proposed that Earth has convection currents like there would convection currents like there would
be in waterbe in water
Where land is created ridges are Where land is created ridges are formed…formed…
Where plates collide trenches are Where plates collide trenches are formed…formed…
The Early Earth & Tectonic Plates
Types of Boundaries
•Creative Boundaries – mid-oceanic ridges or rift valleys.
•Destructive Boundaries – subduction zones or mountain formation.
Types of Plates
• Oceanic – Heavy Plate
• Continental – Light Plate
Three types of Plate-BoundariesThree types of Plate-Boundaries
DivergentDivergentConvergentConvergentTransform (Side-Long)Transform (Side-Long)
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Side-long Boundary
Types of Convergent Boundaries
Oceanic-oceanic – any plate goes down at random. Subduction occurs. Volcanoes, Earthquakes
Continental-continental – Crumpling Occurs. Mountains, Volcanoes
Oceanic-continental – Oceanic Plate goes down. Subduction occurs. Mountains, Volcanoes, Earthquakes
Types of Convergent BoundariesTypes of Convergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Types of Divergent BoundariesTypes of Divergent Boundaries
Rift Valley FormationRift Valley FormationOcean-Floor SpreadingOcean-Floor Spreading
Ocean Floor Spreading
Transform Fault – Only one typeTransform Fault – Only one type
San Andreas FaultSan Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault – Transform Fault
Tsunami…Tsunami…
The
The
Fata
l
Fata
l
Wav
e
Wav
e
The
Mec
hanis
m
The
Mec
hanis
m
of of
Tsunam
i
Tsunam
i
Tsunami Tsunami
Large sea wave produced by a Large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea volcanic eruptionseaquake or undersea volcanic eruption
It is produced when there is a It is produced when there is a displacement of a substantial volume of displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the seawater or perturbation of the sea
Drawing of tectonic plate boundary Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquakebefore earthquake
Overriding plate bulges under strain, Overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic upliftcausing tectonic uplift
Plate slips, causing subsidence and Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into waterreleasing energy into water
The energy released produces tsunami The energy released produces tsunami waveswaves
Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long height) offshore, and a very long
wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass long), which is why they generally pass
unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave when they reach shallower water, in a wave
shoaling processshoaling process
Wave ShoalingWave Shoaling
Japan
Thank You