Jat Chapter 09

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Life in Ancient Rome

Section 2 The Fall of Rome

Section 3 The Byzantine Empire

Reading Review

Chapter Assessment

Roman Civilization

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the cultural achievements of the Romans and describe the daily lives of people in Rome.

• Explain why the Roman Empire fell and summarize its legacy in law, government, language, and the arts.

• Describe the rise and cultural accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire.

Roman Civilization

Roman Civilization

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section discusses the cultural achievements and daily life of the Roman people during the height of the empire.

Life in Ancient Rome

Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Focusing on the Main Ideas

• In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.

• The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire, as did men and women.



Meeting People

• Virgil (VUHR·juhl)

• Horace (HAWR·uhs)

• Galen (GAY·luhn)

• Ptolemy (TAH·luh·mee)

• Spartacus (SPAHR·tuh·kuhs)



Building Your Vocabulary• vault (VAWLT)

• satire (SA·TYR)

• ode (OHD)

• anatomy (uh·NA·tuh·mee)

• forum (FOHR·uhm)

• gladiator (GLA·dee·AY·tuhr)

• paterfamilias (PA·tuhr·fuh·MIH·lee·uhs)

• rhetoric (REH·tuh·rihk)



Reading Strategy

Compare and Contrast Use a Venn diagram like the one on page 302 of your textbook to show similarities and differences between the rich and the poor in Rome.


Roman Culture

• The Romans admired the Greeks and copied some of their ideas, though they often changed what they borrowed.

• Roman statues and art portrayed people with flaws, whereas Greek art and statues portrayed ideal people.

(pages 303–305)

• Romans incorporated Greek ideas in their architecture, such as columns and porches.


• They also used their own ideas, such as arches, domes, and vaults, which are curved ceilings.

• Two famous buildings still stand today: the Colosseum, which is a large arena, and the Pantheon, which is a temple built in honor of Rome’s gods. (pages 303–305)


Roman Culture (cont.)

• The Roman writer Virgil wrote the Aeneid, which tells the story of the Trojan prince Aeneas and his followers.

• The poet Horace wrote satires, which are works that poke fun at human weaknesses, and odes, which express strong emotions about life.

• The writers Ovid and Catullus were inspired by Greek writing and myths.

(pages 303–305)



• Livy, one of Rome’s most famous historians, wrote the History of Rome.

• Many modern European languages spoken today are based on Latin, the language of Rome.

• The Greek doctor Galen brought Greek medical ideas to Rome.

(pages 303–305)



• Ptolemy was a famous scientist who studied and mapped the stars.

• Engineers created an advanced road system and aqueducts that provided water.

(pages 303–305)



How did the historians Livy and Tacitus differ?

Livy celebrated Rome’s greatness. Tacitus did not regard Roman culture positively. He felt the Romans were losing the values that made them strong and that the emperors had taken people’s freedom.


Daily Life in Rome

• Rome was one of the largest cities in the ancient world.

(pages 306–310)

• The Forum was in the center of Rome and served as a marketplace and public square.

• Wealthy Romans lived in large, fine homes.

• Poorer people lived in apartment buildings of stone and wood.


Daily Life in Rome (cont.)

• Because of high rent, most people could not afford large homes.

• The government provided free grain and sporting shows, such as chariot races and gladiator contests.

• Gladiators were men who fought animals and each other.

• Roman families were large, including young and married children, other relatives, and enslaved servants.

(pages 306–310)



• The paterfamilias was the man who headed the family.

• Wealthy children—boys and girls—received an education through hired tutors.

• Some boys went to school.

• A boy became a man between ages 14 and 16 years.

(pages 306–310)



• Girls became adults when they married.

• Women had few rights but were influential in the family.

(pages 306–310)



• Wealthy women had more freedom than poor women.

• Slaves were not uncommon in the Roman Empire.

• Slaves suffered many hardships and were treated poorly.

• Sometimes slaves revolted against the Romans.

(pages 306–310)



• Spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt.

• Romans worshipped many gods and goddesses.

• As the Roman Empire grew, the Romans conquered people of other religions.

• They were allowed to worship freely as long as they did not threaten the Roman government.

(pages 306–310)


How did the population of slaves grow during the time of the Roman Empire?

As Rome took over more lands, they captured and enslaved more people.


What were some of Ptolemy’s scientific achievements?

He mapped more than 1,000 stars and studied the motions of the planets.



How were the Roman and Greek religions similar?

The Romans adopted Greek gods and gave them Roman names.

Analyze Explain the importance of the language of the Romans.

Answers should be based on the text.


Describe Describe the education of Roman children.

Boys in rich families learned reading, writing, and rhetoric. Girls stayed at home to learn reading, writing, and how to manage households.


Conclude The Romans borrowed ideas from other people. Do you think our culture today borrows ideas from other peoples? Explain your answer.

Answers will vary.


Make a list using the following headings. List several facts under each one to summarize the chapter.

The Arts

Science and Engineering

Family Life

Slavery

Religion


Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section chronicles the decline and fall of the Roman Empire and discusses the empire’s important legacy.

The Fall of Rome



• Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during the A.D. 400’s.

• Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire.

• Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language, and the arts.

The Fall of Rome


• Diocletian (DY·uh·KLEE·shuhn) Meeting People

• Constantine (KAHN·stuhn·TEEN)

• Theodosius (THEE·uh·DOH·shuhs)

• Constantinople (KAHN·STAN·tuhn·OH·puhl)

Locating Places

• Alaric (A·luh·rihk)

• Odoacer (OH·duh·WAY·suhr)

The Fall of Rome


Building Your Vocabulary• plague (PLAYG)

• inflation (ihn·FLAY·shuhn)

• barter (BAHR·tuhr)

• reform (rih·FAWRM)

The Fall of Rome


Reading Strategy

Sequencing Information Create a diagram like the one on page 317 of your textbook. Show the events that led up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

The Fall of Rome

The Decline of Rome

• After the Severans ended, Rome’s leadership grew weak, and the government grew corrupt.

• With a weak government, the economy worsened.

• After Aurelius’s death, Commodus and the Severans ruled Rome.

(pages 318–320)

• A plague, or a disease that spreads widely, broke out and killed many people.

The Fall of Rome

The Decline of Rome (cont.)

• Invaders began pushing into the empire’s territory, and the Roman government could not pay Roman soldiers.

• Emperor Diocletian tried to establish reforms that would improve the political situation.

• Inflation, or rapidly increasing prices, occurred because money became less valuable.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 318–320)

The Decline of Rome (cont.)

• He moved the capital city to Byzantium, and the city later became known as Constantinople.

• Emperor Constantine tried to stop the empire’s decline.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 318–320)

How did inflation occur?

The government put less gold in its coins to create more money to pay soldiers. People learned that the coins did not have as much gold in them, so they did not value the coins as highly.

The Fall of Rome

Rome Falls

• Theodosius became emperor after Constantine’s death.

(pages 322–324)

• Theodosius split the empire into two separate empires: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.

• The Visigoths feared the Huns and asked Rome for protection.

• In exchange, Rome required the Visigoths to be loyal to them.

The Fall of Rome

Rome Falls (cont.)

• The Visigoths rebelled against the Romans and beat the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople.

• More Germanic groups invaded Roman territory.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 322–324)

Rome Falls (cont.)

• The Visigoth leader Alaric and his soldiers captured the city of Rome and burned it.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 322–324)

Rome Falls (cont.)

• The Vandals overpowered Rome’s territories in Spain and northern Africa.

• Then they entered Rome and destroyed buildings.

• Odoacer was a Germanic leader who took control of Rome’s government from the emperor Romulus Augustulus.

• This event marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 322–324)

Rome Falls (cont.)

• A band of Visigoths killed Odoacer and set up a kingdom in Italy.

• The Eastern Roman Empire continued to prosper after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

• It became known as the Byzantine Empire.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 322–324)

Why did the Visigoths rebel against the Romans?

Although the Romans agreed to protect the Visigoths, they treated them badly. The Romans charged the Visigoths higher prices for food and kidnapped and enslaved many of them.

The Fall of Rome

The Legacy of Rome

• The law and government of the United States today is influenced by the laws and government of the ancient Romans.

(pages 325–326)

• The alphabet of the Latin language is used through the Western world today.

• Many European languages stemmed from Latin.

• Many English words come from Latin.

The Fall of Rome

The Legacy of Rome (cont.)

• Western architecture uses styles of the Romans, such as domes and arches.

• Christianity began in the Roman Empire.

The Fall of Rome

(pages 325–326)

What ideas in the U.S. legal system came from the Roman system?

We believe that all people are created equal, that people are innocent until proven guilty, that judges should be fair, and that the best form of government is a republic made up of equal citizens.

The Fall of Rome

What social problems helped cause the empire’s decline?

dishonest officials and a decline in respect for Roman values; widespread slavery; the people stopped serving in government and paying taxes; fewer people were educated

The Fall of Rome

Why did the Roman government use Germanic warriors in its army?

The Romans used Germanic warriors to help defend its borders.

The Fall of Rome

Cause and Effect How did inflation affect Rome?

Prices rose sharply; weak economy meant fewer taxes paid; government could not pay its soldiers and officials; debased currency; people stopped using it.

The Fall of Rome

Describe Who were the Visigoths, and how did they contribute to the fall of Rome?

The Visigoths were a Germanic people who moved into Roman territory to escape the Huns; they defeated the Romans at Adrianople and sacked Rome.

The Fall of Rome

Identify Give examples of Roman ideas in language and architecture that exist today.

English and other modern languages were shaped by Latin. Roman architecture is reflected in many buildings today.

The Fall of Rome

Persuasive Writing Imagine you are living in Rome around the time of the fall of the empire. Write an editorial for a newspaper identifying what you think is the main reason for the decline and fall of the empire, and what might have been done to prevent it.

Answers will vary.

The Fall of Rome

Could the Western Roman Empire have solved its problems and continued to exist? Explain your answer.

The Fall of Rome

The Byzantine Empire

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section discusses the rise and accomplishments of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire, which carried on the legacies of both Greece and Rome.



• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.

• The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong.

• The Byzantine developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.


• Black Sea

• Aegean Sea (ih·JEE·uhn)

• Justinian (juh·STIH·nee·uhn)

Meeting People

• Theodora (THEE·uh·DOHR·uh)

• Belisarius (BEH·luh·SAR·ee·uhs)

• Tribonian (truh·BOH·nee·uhn)



Locating Places

• mosaic (moh·ZAY·ihk)

• saint (SAYNT)

Reading Strategy

Cause and Effect Complete a chart like the one on page 327 of your textbook to show the causes and effects of Justinian’s new law code.

• regent (REE·juhnt)



Building Your Vocabulary

The Rise of the Byzantines

• The Eastern Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire.

• It included Greeks, Egyptians, Arabs, Armenians, Jews, Persians, Slavs, and Turks.

• Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

(pages 328–329)


The Rise of the Byzantines (cont.)

• Constantinople was located between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, at the crossroads of trade routes between Europe and Asia.

• People of early Constantinople initially followed Roman ways.

• They spoke Latin and enforced Roman laws.


(pages 328–329)

The Rise of the Byzantines (cont.)

• Eventually, the Byzantine Empire became more influenced by Greece.

• People spoke Greek and drew upon Greek culture.

• Some ideas from the Slavs, Egyptians, and Persians also mixed in with the Greek influences.


(pages 328–329)

How did Constantinople’s location help protect it from invasion?

It was located on a peninsula, with seas on three sides. A wall was built on the fourth side to protect the city from a land invasion.


Emperor Justinian

• Empress Theodora, Justinian’s wife, helped her husband rule Byzantine.

• Justinian was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from A.D. 527 until A.D. 565.

(pages 329–330)

• She gave him advice and advocated more rights for Byzantine women.

• Justinian tried to restore the Roman Empire by invading Western Europe and northern Africa.


Emperor Justinian (cont.)

• Tribonian was a legal scholar who worked with his colleagues to simplify the law code, so it could be more easily understood.

• Belisarius was a general who helped lead the Byzantine army.


(pages 329–330)

Why did Justinian fail to reunite the Roman Empire?

After conquering most of Italy and northern Africa, the Byzantine Empire did not have money to maintain an army large enough to hold the territory.


Byzantine Civilization

• Constantinople was its largest and wealthiest city.

• The Byzantine Empire lasted for about 1,000 years.

(pages 332–334)


Byzantine Civilization (cont.)

• It was the center of trade between Europe and Asia.

• The Byzantine Empire depended on trade.

(pages 332–334)

• Silk weaving was a major industry.

• Byzantine emperors supported artists and architects.



• Hagia Sophia was the religious center of the Byzantine Empire and was a great architectural accomplishment.

• Mosaics are pictures made from many bits of colored glass or stone.


(pages 332–334)

• Marriage and family were very important in the Byzantine way of life.

• Most mosaics showed saints, or Christian holy people.


• Byzantine women obtained some rights.

• They became educated, and some served as regents, or people who stand in for rulers who are too young or too ill to govern.


(pages 332–334)

• The Byzantine government supported education.


• Boys studied academic subjects in Byzantine schools.

• Girls did not attend school but were taught at home.

• Most written literature was religious.


(pages 332–334)

What rights did Byzantine women have?

Byzantine women could obtain an education and serve in government.



What is a mosaic, and where were mosaics found in the Byzantine Empire?

A mosaic is a picture made of tiny pieces of colored glass or stone, usually found in churches and monasteries.


How did silk weaving develop in the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine travelers smuggled silkworm eggs from China to the empire.

Describe What were some of the trade items that were exchanged between merchants in Constantinople?

From Asia: spices, gems, metals, and cloth

From Byzantines: farm goods, furs, honey, and enslaved people


Explain Why were divorces difficult to get in the Byzantine Empire?

Religion and the government stressed the importance of marriage.


Analyze What important service did Byzantine writers provide to the rest of the world? Explain its significance.

Byzantine writers copied and preserved the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans; otherwise these works would have been lost.


Persuasive Writing Which civilization do you think was the most advanced—that of the Greeks, the Romans, or the Byzantines? Write a speech explaining your answer.

Answers will vary.


List the contributions of the Byzantine Empire.


Section 1: Life in Ancient Rome


Roman Civilization

• In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.

• The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire, as did men and women.

Section 2: The Fall of Rome


• Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire.

• Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during the A.D. 400’s.

Roman Civilization

• Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language, and the arts.


• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.

• The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong.

Section 3: The Byzantine Empire

• The Byzantines developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

Roman Civilization

__ 1. pictures made of many bits of colored glass or stone

__ 2. rapidly increasing prices__ 3. father of a family__ 4. emotional poem about

life’s ups and downs

Review Vocabulary

A. odeB. inflationC. anatomyD. mosaicE. plagueF. paterfamiliasG. gladiatorH. regent

Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.

D

B

A

Roman Civilization

F

__ 5. a disease that spreads widely

__ 6. a person who stands in for a ruler who cannot govern

__ 7. a warrior who fought animals and people in public arenas

__ 8. study of the body’s structure

Review Vocabulary

A. odeB. inflationC. anatomyD. mosaicE. plagueF. paterfamiliasG. gladiatorH. regent

Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.

E

H

G

C

Roman Civilization


What did the Romans borrow from the Greeks? What did they develop on their own?

Romans borrowed ideas in sculpture, architecture (porches, colonnades) and literature. They developed architecture (vault, dome, concrete), roads, aqueducts, and law and government.

Roman Civilization

Review Main Ideas

What were the lives of the rich and poor like in the Roman Empire?

The rich lived in large, comfortable houses. They educated their children. The poor lived in crowded conditions in unsafe apartment buildings, and they did not educate their children.

Roman Civilization


Review Main Ideas


What weakened the Roman Empire?

Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire.

Roman Civilization

Review Main Ideas

What caused the fall of Rome in the A.D. 400s?

Germanic invasions

Roman Civilization


Review Main Ideas


What policies and reforms helped make the Byzantine Empire strong?

Justinian’s law code; rights for women; reconquered Italy and North Africa; added cavalry to the army

Roman Civilization

Review Main Ideas

What different groups of people contributed to the Byzantine culture?

Greeks, Egyptians, Slavs, Persians, and others

Roman Civilization


Review Main Ideas

Cause and Effect Why did Alaric’s capture of Rome shock the Roman people?

Rome had not been conquered in 800 years.

Roman Civilization

Predict What do you think would have happened if Theodosius had not divided the Roman Empire?

Answers will vary.

Roman Civilization

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Maps

Germanic Invasions of Rome c. A.D. 200–500

The Byzantine Empire A.D. 527–565


Charts

Greek and Roman Gods

The Decline of Rome

Click the map to view an interactive version.

Click the map to view an interactive version.

Ptolemy studied astronomy. He was also a geographer who plotted every geographic feature he knew on a grid and taught others how to create maps.


The Hippodrome was a racing track in Constantinople. It is estimated that the Hippodrome held about 100,000 people. Much of the Hippodrome is gone, but what remains forms a square in Istanbul.

The Fall of Rome

Empress Theodora came from a theatrical family. Her father was a bear keeper for the circus, and the empress was a very popular comedic actress.


Your Point of ViewLearn It!

Reading Social Studies

An important part of reading involves thinking about and responding to the text from your own point of view. Read the paragraph on the following slide about daily life in Rome and look at how one student reflects as she reads.

—from page 306

The city of Rome was crowded, noisy, and dirty. People tossed garbage into the streets from their apartments, and thieves prowled the streets at night. Most people in Rome were poor. They lived in apartment buildings made of stone and wood. High rent forced families to live in one room.

“Reminds me of a city I visited once”

“What would that look like? What would it smell like?”

“Were they like apartment buildings today?”

“Sounds like it would be very uncomfortable and crowded!”


Reflect and RespondPractice It!

• Do boys do anything today to show that they have become men?

• What does a toga look like? What does a palla look like?

Read the paragraph from Chapter 9 on page 301 in your textbook. Take a few minutes to reflect on what you have read and then respond by exchanging thoughts with a partner about the following topic questions.


Reflect and RespondPractice It!

Read the paragraph from Chapter 9 on page 301 in your textbook. Take a few minutes to reflect on what you have read and then respond by exchanging thoughts with a partner about the following topic questions.

• Why did a woman have to wait until she married to become an adult?

• Why were boys and girls treated so differently?


Roman Civilization Introduction


The Fall of Rome


The Book of Epodes

Primary Source

Distrust of Money

Rome is Attacked


Distrust of Money

Rome is Attacked

Theodora Refuses to Flee

Sports & Contests

Sports were important to the Romans. Paintings on vases, frescoes (moist plaster), and stone show Romans playing ball, including a version of soccer. Roman girls are shown exercising with handheld weights and throwing an egg-shaped ball. Balls were made of different materials such as wool, hair, linen, sponges, and pig bladders wrapped in string. Some Roman sporting events took place in the Colosseum, amphitheaters, and the Circus Maximus. Wild beast fights, battles between ships, and gladiator contests attracted Roman spectators by the thousands. Chariot racing was held in the Circus Maximus, and the drivers wore team colors of red, white, green, and blue.

Ancient Roman Sports

Connecting to the Past

Paintings on vases, frescoes, and stone show Romans participating in sports.

1. How do we know sports were important to the Romans?

2. How are today’s sports different from Roman sports? How are they similar? Today sports do not feature fights between animals, battles between ships, or contests to the death between gladiators. Similarities may include comparisons between chariot racing and horse racing.

Focus on Everyday Life

Public and private slavery were common in Roman society. Public slaves were owned by the state. They took care of important buildings and served government officials. Educated public slaves were used to help organize the governments of conquered areas. Private slaves were owned by individuals. They were often forced to work long hours and could be sold at any time. Wealthy Romans had hundreds or even thousands of enslaved people. Most enslaved people worked on farms. Most enslaved people were men. This was probably because their work required great strength. Some enslaved men also became gladiators. Enslaved women made clothing and cooked for their owner’s family.

Slavery in the Roman Empire

Connecting to the Past

Public slaves were owned by the state. Private slaves were owned by an individual.

1. What was the main difference between public and private enslavement?

2. Which jobs were probably considered the most desirable by enslaved people?

Answers will vary but may include jobs as groundskeepers or personal assistants at country villas.

c. A.D. 280–337Constantine The Great

Empress Theodora C. A.D. 500–548

Ptolemy was limited to what he could see with his own eyes. When observed from the earth, the other planets and stars seem to rotate around.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 9–1

Chapter 9


Chapter 9

Answers will vary, but should reflect that the Muslim Turks wanted to hide Christian symbols.


Chapter 9

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Education

Jat Chapter 09