Supreme Court on Jat Reservation

7/24/2019 Supreme Court on Jat Reservation

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTIONWRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 274 OF 2014

RAM SINGH & ORS. ...PETITIONER (S)

VERSUS

UNION OF INDIA ...RESPONDENT (S)

WITH

W.P. (C) No. 261 of 2014,W.P. (C) No.2! of 2014,W.P. (C) No.2" of 2014,W.P. (C) No.2"! of 2014,W.P. (C) No.#0$ of 2014,W.P. (C) No. #$ of 2014

&

W.P. (C) No."$$ of 2014

J U D G M E N T

RANJAN GOGOI, J.

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SUMMAR< OF FINDINGS OF ICSSR

BIHAR

The analysis is based on the Bihar State Backward Classes

Commission Report (1999 which had recommended the

incl!sion o" #ats in State $BC list. The estimated pop!lation

o" #ats in Bihar "rom independent so!rces is abo!t %&

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tho!sand in 19%%. #ats reside in selected districts' in the

State and there are both ind! and )!slim #ats. The Bihar

State Backward Class Commission considered the social,

ed!cational and economic condition o" both ind! and

)!slim #ats and concl!ded that the #at comm!nity in Bihar is

backward. The recommendation o" the Bihar State Backward

Classes Commission is based on the in"ormation so!*ht

thro!*h the +!estionnaires "illed by members o" the

comm!nity (the n!mber o" +!estionnaire receied by the

commission is not speci"ied and representations "rom the

#at comm!nity. Since the report is not 'ased on

household sur(ey) *this committee is not in a position

to i(e facts and fiures.+ ,he Commission concluded

that the -at community in Bihar is not represented at

all in the #roup I and #roup II o's in the

#o(ernment. ,hey are educationally 'ac/ward

compared to other communities in Bihar and are

primarily enaed in ariculture and allied acti(ities.-

DELHI

The estimated pop!lation o" #ats in elhi is aro!nd 1./

million (independent so!rce. There are two reports, one

prepared by elhi $BC Commission and another by an0ndependent researcher, The elhi state $BC Commission

report does not hae any absol!te indicators on ed!catioria1

stat!s, employment str!ct!re etc. oweer, the Commission

has reported indicator on net social standin*, net

ed!cational standin* and net economic standin*. $r net

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ed!cational standin*, #ats with composite score o" 1.1 are

behind 2!3ars (1.45 and 6hirs (1.//. $n net social

standin*, the composite score o" #ats is 1./5, which is

si*ni"icantly lower than the 2!3ars (/.15 and 6hirs (19.%7.

$n composite economic score, score o" #ats is 18.77, lower

than 2!3ars (19.4% b!t hi*her than the 6hirs (15.%8. ,hus)

with respect to social and educational standin) -at

las 'ehind #uars and !hirs while in case of

economic standin) they la 'ehind compared to

#uars 'ut ahead of !hirs. It is to 'e noted that 'oth

#uars and !hirs are included in the Central OBC list.-

GUJARAT

0n case o" 2!3arat, the estimated #at pop!lation is &.87

million (independent so!rce b!t there is no doc!mentation

aailable abo!t spatial or reli*ion'wise break'!p o" #at

pop!lation. 0urther) there is lac/ of information on the

parameters social) educational and economic

specified 'y the 3CBC. oweer, the 2!3arat *oernment

website mentions that #at )!slims are incl!ded in the

Central $BC list.-

HAR


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San*wan (/&1/. The "indin*s o" the st!dy indicate that on

occ!pational str!ct!re, #ats in aryana are a landownin*

comm!nity. :early %; o" the #ats are en*a*ed in

a*ric!lt!re. The other economic actiities p!rs!ed by #ats

incl!de animal h!sbandry and trade. In o(ernment

employment) -ats ha(e a'out 214 share in the total

class I & II ser(ices in the state which is a'out four

percentae points lower than their share in

population 24 in 2512. oweer, they la* behind

compared to Bishnoi and Brahmins whose share in

*oernment employment in Class 0 < 00 is hi*her than their

respectie pop!lation share. The comparable "i*!res "or

6hir=>adaa and 2!3ar (the other two comparable $BC

comm!nities with #ats are not reported in aryana

Backward Classes Commission Report /&1/. $n the

ed!cational achieements, more than 1/; #at children in the

a*e *ro!p o" 8'15 years neer attended school, which is

hi*her than many other backward castes. 6t the *rad!ation

leel, #ats hae abo!t 8.7; enrolment, which is less than

aera*e leel o" %.4;. 6t the post*rad!ate leel, enrolment

o" #ats is 1.1; a*ainst the aera*e o" /./8; o" the

respondents. ,he a(aila'le data) therefore) suests

that in 6aryana -ats are land7ownin community.,heir share in class I & II o(ernment ser(ice is close

to their population share 'ut they la 'ehind in 'oth

school and hiher education enrolment.-

HIMACHAL PRADESH

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0n case o" imachal ?radesh, the ? State $BC Commission

Report is the only aailable so!rce o" in"ormation. The

Report is based on hearin* o" abo!t %88 persons cond!cted

by the "!ll bench o" the Commission. The Commission

estimated the #at pop!lation in imachal ?radesh is 54, /7/.

The Commission eoled a /7'point criteria based on :CBC

*!idelines. oweer, the Report does not contain any

+!antitatie in"ormation abo!t the social, economic and

ed!cational stat!s o" #ats is'a'is other comm!nities. The

State Commission has recommended "or incl!sion o" #ats in

the State $BC list. ata on literacy rate and hi*her

ed!cation enrolment o" #at children is lackin* in the State

Commission Report. 6owe(er) the report o'ser(ed that

dropout rate of children 'eyond primary le(el 'ein

hih) they are put to household wor/ or wor/ as

ariculture la'our. On share in the o(ernment

ser(ice) the State Commission Report o'ser(ed that

the incidence of representation of -ats In the state

ser(ices in comparison to eneral a(erae is (ery

low. Similarly) the state commission report o'ser(es

that the representation of -ats in the pu'lic sector is

nelii'le.The report o" the commission also mentions that

most o" the members (male, "emale and children o" thiscomm!nity are dependin* on a*ric!lt!re labo!r on a m!ch

lar*er scale than Ra3p!ts and Brahmins. It is to 'e noted

that the Commission Report does not include

8uantitati(e information on literacy) occupation and

representation in o(ernment ser(ice on the 'asis of

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which it has made these recommendations. The

Commission came to !nanimo!s concl!sion that this

comm!nity is socially, ed!cationally and economically

backward and is "it "or incl!sion in the State list o" $BCs.-

MADHIn case of %adhya 9radesh) in 2552) State

#o(ernment included -ats in the State OBC list thouh

no details are a(aila'le on the parameters or criterion

used 'y the State OBC Commission for the inclusion

of -ats in the State list. :arlier) in the year 1;;;) the

3CBC had o'ser(ed that the -ats in %adhya 9radesh

are not socially 'ac/ward and were not included in

the central OBC list.@

RAJASTHAN

0n case o" Ra3asthan, the aailable in"ormation s!**ests

that #ats are incl!ded in both the Central and State $BC list

since 1999. B!t the report o" the Ra3asthan State $BC

Commission has not been made aailable to !s by :CBC.There"ore, we hae based this comparatie pict!re on a

st!dy sponsored by the State 2oernment and cond!cted by

0nstit!te o" eelopment St!dies, #aip!r. The report o" the

sponsored st!dy was s!bmitted to the epartment o" Social

#!stice and @mpowerment, 2oernment o" Ra3asthan /&1/.

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The aailable in"ormation shows that more than 91; #at

ho!seholds own land, which is hi*her than that o" 6hir, 2!3ar

and the rest o" $BCs. 6ro!nd /9; o" the #at pop!lation in

the a*e *ro!p o" '79 years is reported to be illiterate in

/&1/. This is s!bstantially lower than seeral caste *ro!ps

that are incl!ded in the $BC list. 6mon* the #ats, .7;

ho!seholds hae at least one member who is *rad!ate,

which is lower than the 6hir and Charan comm!nities b!t

somewhat better than the rest o" the $BCs. 6mon* the #ats,

it is reported that more than 8.%; ho!sehold hae at least

one member in the *oernment serice. This is mar*inally

lower than 6hir, Vishnoi and Charan ho!seholds b!t hi*her

than the rest o" the backward classes. ,hus) -ats in

Raasthan are 'etter off with respect to ownership of

land 'ut somewhat la 'ehind with respect to literacy

rate) enrolment in raduation and representation in

o(ernment ser(ice.@

UTTAR PRADESH AND UTTARA=HAND

The #at pop!lation is primarily concentrated in western

Attar ?radesh and Attarakhand. #at comm!nity *ot incl!ded

in the State $BC list in /&&&. $!r obserations are based on

the Social #!stice Committee Report (S#CR /&&1, which has

been prepared a"ter the #at comm!nity was already incl!ded

in the state $BC list by the Attar ?radesh 2oernment in

/&&&, The S#CR pop!lation estimates are based on the

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Villa*e ?anchayat amily Re*ister, 6ccordin*ly the hi*hest

pop!lation at 19.8; is that o" 6hir "ollowed by .7 ; !rmi

(di""erent ariants and 4.8; #ats. The comparable

socioeconomic indicators are aailable in Sin*h (/&&4 that

we !se in this report. Sin*h (/&&4 shows that abo!t 9/; #at

ho!seholds own land. The "i*!res "or 6hir and !rmi are

97; and 1&&;, respectiely. Sin*h (/&&4 also reports that

%9; o" the workers amon* the #ats in r!ral areas are

en*a*ed in primary sector actiities, which is similar to that

o" 6hir=>adaa b!t lower than the 2!3ar comm!nity. ,he

proportion of those completed raduation and a'o(e

in the -at community is 1.ada(a. Similarly) the proportion of post7raduate is

5.24 for -at and 5)ada(a. ,he data compiled

'y SC-R in 2551 from hiher educational institutions

on 25


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in the pop!lation o" $BC which is 19.5;. Similar di""erences

are obsered in case o" !rmi and their ariants. 6s "ar as

Attarakhand is concerned, no separate report is aailable.

6pparently, Attarakhand has accepted the list o" $BC as that

o" Attar ?radesh. Th!s, #ats are at par compared to $BCs

s!ch as 6hir=>ada as "ar as ownership o" the land is

concerned. oweer, in case o" enrolment in hi*her and

technical ed!cation they la* behind 6hir=>aday. In case of

representation in the o(ernment ser(ice) the share

is proportionate to their population 'ut relati(ely

lower than the !hir@>ada(a and ?urmi.@

INTER>STATE COMPARISON

The :CBC has asked this committee to proide inter'state

ariation in the social, economic and occ!pational stat!s o"

#ats is'D'is other backward class comm!nities. 2oin* by

the s!mmary o" the stat!s o" di""erent comm!nities reported

"rom paras 9 to 18 aboe, the committee is o" the iew that

d!e to lack o" comparable +!antitatie data on the social,

ed!cational and economic stat!s o" #ats and other backward

class comm!nities in the nine states, any meanin*"!l

comparison is not possible. 6owe(er) 'ased on a(aila'le

8uantitati(e and 8ualitati(e information) it is theimpression of the committee that the situation of -ats

with respect to ownership of land and occupation)

education le(el and representation in the o(ernment

ser(ice) the -ats from the states of Bihar) #uarat and

6imachal 9radesh are worse off compared to the -ats

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from elhi) 6aryana) Raasthan and Uttar 9radesh

and %adhya 9radesh. 3e(ertheless) these are

impression of the committee 'ased on the limited

compara'le data and information.@

2. T% /o/- of -% E/- Co88-- 'o*--- 3 -%

ICSSR 3 o* - of +%- 'f' /o/- %'%

/ *- 3 -% G/o of M*-/ -o -% NC:C - -% -8

of ;*+ /= of -% // 'o* of -% NC:C. T%

+%- /o/-, - of %'% / 8*-o* 3o, *

-/*, / fo// 3 -% Co88o* -o -% ICSSR

(1) So' 7-' Co88-- Ro/-, U--/ P/%(2001)

(2) So'oBE'o*o8' S-- of F/8*+ Co88*- *No/-%/* I*, U--/ P/% (200#)

(#) C-, 9* * Po-' Po/ * UP, U--/P/%

(4) 7-' G/*8 S*+% Co88o* Ro/-,H/* (1""0)

($) 7-' L.C. G- Ro/-, H/* (201#)

(6) 7-' G88*8 9o% Co88o* Ro/-,NCT of D% (1""")

() D/. 9 M;%o3 Ro/-, D% (200$)

(!) S-- :';/ C Co88o* Ro/- ofS-- Go=/*8*- of R


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!0. A/- f/o8 -% fo/ +%- /o/-, ff- o*

//*--o* * f=o/ of *'o* of 7- * -% C*-/

9- * ff- +%- //*--o* +*- '% *'o*

/'= 3 -% NC:C / o fo// -o -% ICSSR. O*

/'- of -% /o/- of ICSSR, -% 88/ of %'% %

3* *'- 3o=, -% Co88o* o* * -*=

- of -% 8 * o* f/-%/ - 8*-o* of

-% +%- 'f' /o/- %'% / /f// -o - 3 -%

G/o of M*-/ '// o- S--B * of -%

fo/ 8-/. T%/f-/ - '8 -o 'f' f**+

* /'- of '% of -% S--, 88/ of %'% f**+,

*'- 3o

R"#"*+- F%%:/ % -$" R"5- 6 -$" NCBC

H+3++

T% NC:C fo* -%- -% /o/- of -% S-- :';/

Co88o* of -% / 2012 (7-' L.C. G- Co88o*

Ro/-) -% /8/ o'8*- /-**+ -o H/*.

T% NC:C fo* '/-* *%/*- f * -% /o/-

%'%, * - =, 8 -% 8 *o/-% of ''-*'.

34

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So8 of -% /o* /'o/ 3 -% NC:C fo/ -;*+ -%

3o= = /

1) 7-' L.C. G- Co88o*J /o/- /8/

3 o* -% /= 'o*'- * -% / 2012 3

M%/% D** U*=/- (MDU), Ro%-; %'%

=/ '-= -.

2) A/- f/o8 7-' G-, -% Co88o* 'o*- of

- - -o o-%/ /o* %o 3o*+ -o -%

'+/o %'% / */ 'o*/-o* ..

:%*o * Ro/ %o '8 -o 3 *' * -% S--

9- of O-%/ :';/ C.

#) T% /= */-;* 3 -% MDU, Ro%-; 3 o*

P/of. L.S. S*+* %o 3o*+ -o -% 7- 'o88*-

-% V'B'%*'o/ of -% MDU o 7-. I* -%

3' %/*+ 'o*'- 3 -% Co88o*, -%

fo/ -o /o* / '' of 3.

4) T% /= */-;* 3 MDU 'o8/-=

- of -% 7- -% %+%/ '- ; :/%8*,

R


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=, L/8 * G


37/67

L L w . mPage 37

'o*/. T% /8-/ / =o= o* -% 3

of -% M* Co88o* Ro/- * -%


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L L w . mPage 38

B. E+-%+#

(=) C-C %/ -% *83/ of '%/* * -%

+ +/o of $B1$ / %o *=/ --* '%oo

- - 2$ 3o= -% S-- =/+.

(=) C-C %/ -% /- of -*- /oBo- *

-% + +/o of $B1$ / - -. 2$. 3o= -%

S-- =/+.

(=) C-C 8o*+- %o8 -% /oo/-o* of

8-/'- - - 2$ 3o -% S-- =/+.

C. E8%

(=) C-C %/ -% =/+ = of f8

- - - 2$ 3o -% S-- =/+.

() C-C %/ -% *83/ of f8 =*+ *

L''% %o - - 2$ 3o= -% S-- =/+.

() C-C %/ -% o/' of /*;*+ -/

3o* %f ;o8-/ fo/ 8o/ -%* $0 of -%

%o%o.

38

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() C-C %/ -% *83/ of %o%o %=*+

-;* 'o*8-o* o* - - 2$ 3o= -% S--

=/+.

!!. R-= +%-B+ -o '% of -% /8-/ */

-% fo/ -%/ 3/o % -o 3 * -% /oo/-o* of

#21. T% 7-' L.C. G- Co88o* %o=/ foo

12 So' *'-o/, E'-o* *'-o/ * $ E'o*o8'

*'-o/. T%- /-, ''o/*+ -o -% Co88o*,

3';/* -%- /?/ -o 3 -/8*,

/8/ o' 3';/* %'%, * -/*, * o*

%o -% o-%/ '-' /'= %-%/ -% 7-

/ o' 3';/ o/ *o-. 7-' L.C. G-

Co88o* *o- /o' * -% 8--/ f/o8 -% fo/

/'-=. F/-%/ * - /o/- -% NC:C fo* -%-

*'-o/ ; I*f*- Mo/-- R-, M-/* Mo/-- R-,

D=/ - Ho8 -'. % 3* 'o*/ -o -/8*

o' 3';/*. S'% -, ''o/*+ -o -% NC:C, /

'- P3' H-% S---' * / %o //=*- fo/

-/8*-o* of o' 3';/*.

39

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!4. T% NC:C * - /o/- o /'o/ - +/8*-

-% -% = of -% L.C. G- Co88o* -%- -

-%/ 3*+ 26 (o- of "0) M9A 3o*+*+ -o -% 7-

'o88*- * 4 M83/ of P/8*- (o- of 1$), -% 7-

%= *o- /o+/ o', '-o* *

'o*o8'. I* -% /+/, -% NC:C % o /'o/

-%- * -% 'o/ of 3' %/*+ - -/*/ -%- =/

C%f M*-/ of H/* %o % off' fo/ o*+ /o of

-8 3o*+ -o 7- Co88*- * * f'- -%/ % 3*

P/8 M*-/ of -% 'o*-/ %o 7- (C%. C%/*

S*+%).

U--+ P+"/$

T% NC:C * 'o8*+ -o - 'o*'o* -% /+/ -o -%

'8 of 7- of -% S-- of U--/ P/% fo/ *'o* * -%

C*-/ 9- of o-%/ 3';/ ' / o* -%/ 3'

o'8*-, *8, B

() So' 7-' Co88-- Ro/- o/ ;*o*

H;8 S*+% Co88-- Ro/- (2001).

40

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() So' E'o*o8' :oo;- o* So' 'o*o8' -- of

f/8*+ 'o88*- * No/-%/* I* 3 S%/ A


42/67

L L w . mPage 42

!'. T% 3oo;- 'o8 3 S%/ A


43/67

L L w . mPage 43

!7. T% ---' * - =3 * -% 3oo; C-

* C * I* 3 L.9. S%/8 / of 'o*/3 o

=*-+. T% 3oo;, -f, 20 / o. I* * ', * -%

3oo; - % 3* /'o/ -%- >the intermediate

caste in U.9. can 'e 'roadly di(ided into three

cateories i.e. -ats) ,yais) Bhumihars) who ha(e a

considera'le position in land) possess hih ritual

status and 'ecause of their reional concentration

are dominant in the politics of a few districts+. T%

fo/ = 'f' -;* *o- of 3 -% NC:C

% -*/*+ - =' -o -% Go=/*8*-.

D"#$%

To ' of -/-/ fo/8 -% fo*-o* of -% -

*/-;* 3 -% NC:C -% /+/ -o -% -- of 7- *

-% S-- of D%. T% f/- 7-' G8*8 9o%

Co88o* Ro/- %'% -% S-- O:C Co88o*

Ro/- fo/ D%. T% /= */-;* 8- -o 3o-

2$00 %o%o 3o*+*+ -o 1! '- o- of %'% 11

/ / * -% O:C '-+o/. T% /o/- (2002)

'o*/ 3 -% NC:C % -*/*+ - //

43

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=' * No=83/, 2010 +*- -% *'o* of 7-. T%

'o* o'8*- /o/- // 3 o* P/of. 9

M;%o% o* 3%f of -% I** I*--- of P3'

A8*-/-o* (IIPA). T% /o/- // o* -%

3 of -/'-/ ?-o**/ -% -o' of /=*'

-o -% 3


45/67

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this) reion. !riculture) soldierin and cattle

rearin ha(e 'een the main occupation of

-ats. -ats are 'ra(e and hardwor/in and

independent minded people. ,he -ats led a

fairly autonomous political life.

6istorically) it is arued that the -ats

and Raputs were of one race. But a certain

section of the people ha(in risen in the

social scale started associatin themsel(es

as the oriinal Raputs and hence ?shatrias.,hese Raputs disassociated themsel(es from

the so7called -ats or descendent of ata of

Lord Shi(a.

urin the sur(ey the o(erall response

in respect to the social status was not (ery

clear. ,he community as a whole responded

that they are not treated well 'y other castes

and considered lowly especially 'y upper

caste 6indus li/e Brahmins and ?shatriyas.

,hey follow a strict otra system in their

social structure. Simiar to the 6indu custom

marriaes within the same otra is notallowed.

-ats in the 3ational Capital ,erritory of

elhi) as a community cannot 'e

discriminated into any social structure

45

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eEcept the otra. 6owe(er dependin on the

social treatment meted out to them this

community is di(ided. 6ence different

sections of the society feel associated with

different castes. !s comparison to other

castes the -at community as whole is also

treated lowly and in the present situation

especially 'y the Brahmins and also 'y

Raputs. ,hey are not considered as

/shatriyas or of the same status to them.

,here is social stima li/e 'ein called

awars or unwise and seen as of low status.

!part from the (arna system there is otra

di(ision amon the -ats li/e Chitania) Chadel)

Bam'olia) ,aporwadia 3ain) Bahadu)

Ladhowal) Rinwan and many more specially

in 9una' and Raasthan.+

I* %/ 'o*-/'-o* of -% 3o= -% Co88-- o

fo* B

*6alf of the -at community opined that

they are treated well 'y other dominant

castes li/e Brahmins and /shatriyas. It is

sinificant to note that these are the people

who assumed or considered themsel(es

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closer to the /shatriyas) so much so that

they enoy the same status as the former. !

sinificant 2;.o*, DTC /=/, -'%/ *

/8/ '%oo -'.@

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!. O* -% 3 of -% fo/ /o/- of -% IIPA, -%

NC:C Co88o* /'o/, inter alia, -% foo*+

f**+ B

*6owe(er) eEamination of the report of II9!

lea(es no manner of dou't that -ats as a

class cannot 'e treated as a 'ac/ward class.

:thnically) they are at a hiher le(elF they

are of Indo !ryan escentF their educational

le(el is hihF and social status they

command is hiher than ordinary shudras. In

the a'sence of social and educational

'ac/wardness coupled with inade8uacy of

representation in the ser(ices) !rticle 1"

and 1G" do not apply for the purpose

treatin the -at as 'ac/ward classes.

3o case is made out for any re(iew of

the ad(ice of the 3CBC.+

H%8+$+# P+"/$

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40. T% NC:C -oo; *-o ''o*- -%- -% '8 of -% 7-

fo/ *'o* * -% S-- 9- of O:C * H8'% P/%

% 3* ff/*- 'o*/ - ff/*- o*- of -8 3

-% S-- Co88o* -f. W% -% S-- Co88o*

% /


50/67

L L w . mPage 50

41. T% NC:C * - /o/- - 2!.11.1"" %

/'o88* -% *'o* of 7- ('*+ D%o/ *

:%/-/ -/'-) * -% C*-/ 9- of o-%/ 3';/

'. O* -% 3 of -% /'o88*-o* of -% NC:C,

-% Go=/*8*- of I* % No-f'-o* -

2.10.1""" -o -% 3o= ff'-. Foo*+ -%

No-f'-o*, -% S-- Go=/*8*- % o

No-f'-o* *'*+ 7- * -% S-- 9- of o-%/ 3';/

' ('*+ -% -o -/'-). T%/f-/, -% S--

Co88o* /'o88* fo/ -% /8o= of -% /

/-/'-o* of -% 7- * -% -o -/'- %'% o

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+*o/ * -% /*- ' -% =/ +*f'*- f'- -%-

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-% 8+* *o-f'-o* - 4-%M/'%, 2014 -* -o

o=/oo; -% f'- -%- '/' -- fo/ -/8*-o* of -%

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o' 3';/*. T% o 3 =*- f/o8 P/ # of

-% M*- of -% C3*- M-*+ - 2*M/'%, 2014

%'% -/'- 3o

=. *,he ICSSR has o'ser(ed that -ats in

6aryana are a land ownin community andwhile their share in Class I & II #o(ernment

ser(ices is closer to their population) they

la 'ehind 'oth in school and hiher

educational enrolment. In the 3ational

Capital ,erritory of elhi) in terms of social

and educational standin) -ats la 'ehind as

compared to #uars) who ha(e 'een

included as OBC in the Central List.

Similarly) in Uttar 9radesh and Uttara/hand)

in the enrolment in hiher and technical

education) -ats la 'ehind !hirs@>ada(s. In

6imachal 9radesh) the State Commission

has come to the conclusion that the -at

Community is socially) educationally and

economically 'ac/ward and is fit for

inclusion in the State list of OBCs. In

Raasthan) too) as reards literacy rate)

59

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enrolment in raduation le(el courses and

representation in #o(ernment ser(ices) -ats

la 'ehind.+

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f**+ 'o*-* -%/*. T% 8 o %/ /?/

* f/-%/ /-/-o*.

&!. P- 'o* of -% Co/- * %.R. BalaiV. State of

%ysoreG * -ana/i 9rasad Vs. State of -ammu &

?ashmir


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of '-5* *-- -o ff/8-= '-o* of -% S-- */

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8(2014) 5 SCC 438

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Documents

Supreme Court on Jat Reservation