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what do we mean when
we say a certain model
for slum development
‘works’?
practice
outcome
expert’s theory
practice
outcome
1. titling + property rights
2. microfinance
3. architectural theory +
development
1985 Slum Upgrading Programme
(SUP) - Bombay Urban Development
Project (BUDP)
2005 Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM)
2011 Proposed Draft Model of
Property Rights to Slum-Dwellers Act
2013 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Scheme
1. titling
title
confidence
investment
economic growth
trackable
tax
infrastructure
poverty alleviation
vision 1
no tenure = no order
chaos
vision 2
entrepreneurs
unleash the market!
property
owner
familyneighbors
policeencroachers
Slum Rehabilitation
Authority (SRA)
1. property rights
rehabilitation commercia
l
land
contestation
ruler ruler
owner owner owner owner
contestation
market
contestation
1. property rights
efficiency
empowerment
1. property rights
efficiency
buyer seller$
1. displacement/gentrification
2. new squatters
3. win-win scenario
efficient outcome 1
efficient outcome 2
efficient outcome 3
efficiency ≠
development
efficiency =
gentrification
budget media growth quality of life
10.2 9.9 9.5
9.4
outcome 1 outcome 2 outcome 3
outcome 4
budget media growth quality of life
10.2 9.9 9.5
9.4
outcome 1 outcome 2 outcome 3
outcome 4
debate
debate
debate
1. property rights
empowerment
1. limit on size of flat
2. cooperatives
3. 70% 100% consent
slum-dwellers
caste
religion
sect
gender
age
income
power
power
diversity of slum co-op
solidarity / collective
interest
project implementation
divergence divergence divergence
coercion
contestation
coercion
1. free-for-all vs. equal gains
2. preserve gains vs. fight gentrification
3. target the top vs. target the bottom
1. property rights
efficiency
empowerment
coercion
contestation
debate
distribution
2. microfinance
small microcredit loans
contract/collateral
rural/urban
group/individual
general/housing
microcredit
home ownership
financial inclusion
poverty alleviation
contract
collateralinformal norms
collateral
collateral
MFI
lending group
individual
borrower
borrower in
group
intimate knowledge
local hire
data
collateralintimate knowledge
data
microcredit
home ownership
financial inclusion
poverty alleviation
volatile/erratic income
no stable residence/on the move
weak social network
risky borrower
‘poorest of the poor’
microcredit
financial inclusion
microcredit
3. architecture & development
practical
shelter
order
geometry
form-function
liberation
commodity
slum as typology
functionality
fetish
conclusion