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Dr. Babasaheb B. Fand Scientist (Agril. Entomology)
Abiotic stresses affecting crop-insect pest interactions in the context of global climate
change
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैैस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैैस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Every life in nature is dependent on some another life
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैैस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Agro-ecosystem environment
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैैस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Abiotic
Biotic
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
(Source: Buchanan, Gruissem & Jones, 2000: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants; American Society of Plant Physiologists,)
Agricultural yield losses due to abiotic and biotic stresses
Corn Wheat Soybean Sorghum Oat Barley
020406080
100120140160180200
Series4Abiotic stressesBiotic stresses
Crops
Yie
lds
(Qtls
/ha) Record yield
Influencing crop growth and productivity to the extent of 80%
These yield losses are likely to be aggravated with impending climate change
• An issue of global concern• Increasing levels of Global atmospheric
Temperature : 0.80CCO2 : 370 ppm
• Alarming signals about rapid environmental change • Profound effects on many biological systems • Serious effects on agricultural production & livelihood of farmers• Climate sensitive sectors : Agriculture
Forestry Livestock Fisheries
Climate change and global warming
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
• 0.56°C rise in annual mean temperature over last 100 yrs• Worst droughts yrs: 1971-72, 1999-2000 & 2000-2002 • Increased intensity of rainfall• Decrease in number of rainy days • Prolonged dry spells
(IMD, 2006, 2007, 2009)
• Phenomenal effect on incidence of major crop pests
Climate change and India
Contribution of different sectors in India to climate change
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Industrial processes
8%
Wastes2%
Land use changes
1%
Agriculture28%
Energy61%
Source: India’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change, 2004
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Contribution of Agricultural sectors to Climate change
Rice cultivation23%
Manure management
5%
Emission from soils12%
Enteric fermentation
59%
Crop residues1%
Source: India’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change, 2004
• Increased urbanization• Deforestation• Industrialization
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैैस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Major drivers of Climate change
Overexploitation and misuse of natural resources for various anthropogenic developmental activities
Yield Productivity
Area
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैैस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Excessive pesticide Use
Habitat alteration
Changes in cropping practices : Bt cotton
Suppression of Competitor
species
Outbreaks
Extinction of many insect species
Major pestsMinor pests
Destruction of natural enemies
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Impact negatively the diversity and abundance of insect pests
Increasing the extent of crop losses
Upsetting ecological balance
Unpredictable changes in the abundance of insect-pests and their existing and potential natural enemies
(Ball, 1997; Rao et al., 2006; IPCC, 2007)
Climate change and Insects
• Loss of ecological biodiversity• Expansion of geographic ranges• Increased overwintering survival• Increase in number of generations per season• Impact on pest population dynamics and outbreaks• Breakdown of host plant resistance to insects• Impact of increased CO2• Reduced effectiveness of biocontrol agents• Disruption of plant-pollinator interactions
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Insect-pests in the era of climate change
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
1. Loss of ecological Biodiversity
• Biological wealth of habitat
• Species richness in an ecosystem
India: - One of the 12 mega-biodiversity centres - Three out of 34 biodiversity hotspots
• Plays a major role in climate regulation
• Human pressure on ecosystem accelerating the rate of extinction of life on earth
• Climate change- dominant direct driver of biodiversity loss by the end of century
(Myers et al., 2000; UN-HABITAT, 2004; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, 2005; Murugan, 2006)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Insect Biodiversity
Most diverse group of animals (80%) Integral component of ecological cycles Very good indicators of environmental change Play an important role in food chains Excellent pollinators for many of the economically important crops
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Indian Insect fauna
Western Ghats in IndiaThe only habitat to many rare, endemic and exotic species of colourful butterflies in the worldMany butterfly species are under a real threat due to depletion of the natural vegetation for various anthropogenic developmental activities
About 6.83% of world insect species are inhabitant in India
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
More than one-third of species in the world are at the risk of extinction
Up to 50% of the Asia’s total biodiversity is at risk due to climate change
Many other species could also be extricated as a result of the climate change and habitat fragmentation
Number of threatened animal species per group(Source: IUCN threat categories, 1994)
(Insects, nematodes, earthworms, crustaceans, spiders etc)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
What are the implications ????Loss of biodiversity
Ecosystem
Structure Composition Function
Wildlife habitat
Outbreaks of destructive insect-pests and diseases
-ve impacts
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
2. Expansion of geographic ranges
Geographic distribution and abundance of
organisms
Regional/ local
climate
Growth, survival
Reproduction
Altered temperature and rainfall regimes with the predictable changes in climate will determine the future distribution, survival and reproduction of the species
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Increased temperature
Altitude wise shift in cultivation areas of crop plants
Increased abundance of tropical insect species
Expansion of geographic range of insect-pests
Local extinctions
Inhospitable conditions
Sudden pest outbreak
Heavy losses in crop yield
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Predicted range expansions with Global warming
The rise in temperature due to global warming has shifted apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh from Lower areas of Kullu & Mandi districts to higher altitude in Lahaul & Spitti
Rana et al., 2008
The associated insect-pests may also extend their geographic range along with the host plants
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Predicted range expansions with Global warming
Corn earworms in USAHeliothis zea (Boddie)
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (EPA, 1989; Diffenbaugh et al., 2008)
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) A major pest of cotton, pulses and vegetables in North India
(Sharma et al., 2005; Sharma, 2010)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
3. Increased overwintering survival
Insects (Poikilotherms)
Behavioural avoidance through migration
Limited ability of homeostasis
Adaptation strategies to support life under thermally stressful environments
Diapause (Physiological)
-- Seasonal regulation of insect life cycles -- Survival under environmental adversities
राष्ट्रीय अजवैि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Increased temperature
Accelerated metabolic activities
Early resumption of active growth
Early termination of diapause
Winter
Faster nutrient depletion
Increased population built-up
Heavy losses in crop yield
Delay in onset of diapause
Summer
low winter mortality
Increased insect survival
Early infestations
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
4. Increase in number of generations per season
Capacity to complete more number of generations per year / season
Increased temperature
Accelerated rates of development, reproduction and survival
More crop damage
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
5. Impact on pest population dynamics and outbreaks
Changes in climatic variables have led to increased frequency & intensity of outbreaks of insect-pests • Wooly aphid in Sugarcane
• Brown plant hopper in Rice• Cotton mealybug• Papaya mealybug• Coconut mite
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Sugarcane wooly aphid, Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (2002-03)
• Sugarcane belt of Maharashtra and Karnataka• Resulted in 30 % yield losses
(Joshi and Viraktamath, 2004; Srikanth, 2004; 2007; Tripathi et al, 2008; Rafee, 2010)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens in Rice (2008-09)
Hopper Burn symptoms
• Northern rice growing region of India• Significant damage to high value Basmati rice• Affected rice crop over 33,000 ha
IARI News, 2008. Brown plant hopper outbreak in rice. 24(Oct-Dec): 1-2.
Major havoc to the cotton crop in India: 2006-07(Dhawan et al., 2007; Gautam, 2007, 2008; Tanwar et al., 2007, Jhala et al., 2008; Bhosle et al., 2009)
Economic impact of P. solenopsis flare up on Indian Agriculture30-40 % yield loss in cotton
Pesticide sale over Rs 500 crores in Punjab
Cost of plant protection increased by Rs 2500/ acre
Mealybug took away the glory of Bt cotton
Made another big hole in the pocket of the already distressed farmers (Dhawan et al., 2007; Gautam, 2007, 2008; Jhala et al., 2008)
Cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (2009-10)
Major havoc to papaya growers in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka & Maharashtra
NCIPM, 2009, 2010; NBAII, 2010
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
6. Breakdown of host plant resistance to insects
Weakening of plants’ own defensive system
Environmental factors Temperature Sunlight Soil moisture Air pollution
Host Plant Resistance
Increased susceptibility to attack by insect pests
Pest outbreaks and more crop damage
Impact on secondary metabolic pathways(SA, JA)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Breakdown of resistance (Midge Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coq.) &
Spotted stem borer Chilo partellus Swinhoe)
Severe yield loss in sorghum
(Sharma et al., 1999; 2005)
Transgene expression in Bt cotton
Reduced production of Bt toxins
Enhanced susceptibility of the cotton to Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
(Kaiser, 1996; Hilder and Boulter, 1999)
Temperature and water stress
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
7. Impact of increased CO2
(Lincoln, 1984; 1993; Bazzaz and Fajer, 1992; Coviella and Trumble 1999, Hunter 2001)
CO2 enriched environment
Reduced nitrogen content of plant tissue
Widening of C: N ratio.
Enhanced feeding by insects
Slows down the insect development
Increases the length of life stages
More crop damage than the normal
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
8. Reduced effectiveness of biological control agents
Hosts escape at higher temperaturesReduced window of opportunity for parasitism Great set back to the survival and multiplication of parasitoids
Natural enemies of crop pests : predators, parasitoids & pathogensDensity responsive subjected to the action of abiotic components
Tiny and delicateMore sensitive to the climatic extremes like heat, cold, wind & rains
Host - NEsDifferential response to changing climate
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्टै्रस प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
9. Disruption of plant-pollinator interactions
Entomophilies pollination:A fundamental process essential for the production of about one-third of the world human food
Important insect pollinatorsBees, flies, butterflies, moths, beetles, etc.
Insect pollination, mostly by bees, is necessary for reproduction and formation of fruits and seeds in about 75% of crops
(Ingram et al., 1996; Klein et al., 2007; Ricketts et al., 2008)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
-ve impacts of climate change on pollinatorsDeclining population abundanceShift of geographic rangeDeclining pollination activities
(Klusser et al., 2007; FAO, 2008)
Pollination is one of the major ecosystem services currently under threat from mounting pressures exerted by growing population, depleting natural resource base and global climate change (Costanza et al., 1987; MEA, 2005; Sachs, 2008)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Temperature and water availability
Impact on critical events in the life cycle of plants (flowering, pollination, fruiting & seed set)
Disruption of the synchrony between plant-pollinator relationships
Impact on extent, quality & quantity of pollination
Multiple implications for food security, species diversity, ecosystem stability and resilience to
climate change
Changing climate regimes
(Cleland et al., 2007; (Kudo et al., 2004; Deustch et al., 2008; FAO, 2008)
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Socio-economic impacts
Implications for food security
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
(Patterson et al., 1999; Gutierrez, 2000; Klein et al., 2007; FAO, 2008; IPCC, 2007; Chahal et al., 2008).
Aggravating pest problems
Intensification of the agricultural yield losses
Threat to the food & nutritional security
Disruption of the plant-pollinator interactions
Changing climate regimes
Reduced crop pollination
Reduction in food production
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Implications for farming community
• Need to take care of more types and more number of insects• Reduced effectiveness of pest management strategies/ pesticides• Frequent pesticide applications• Increased cost of plant protection• Impact on livelihood of the rural poor • Increased food prices resulting from declining food production
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Breeding climate-resilient varieties
• To breed new varieties for improved resistance to biotic and biotic stresses
• Considering late onset and shorter duration of winter, there is chance of delaying and shortening the growing seasons for Rabi/ cold season crops like wheat
• Breeding varieties suitable for late planting and those can sustain adverse climatic conditions
Challenges ahead
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Rescheduling of crop calendars
• Certain effective cultural practices like crop rotation will be less or no effective with changed climate
• Global temperature increase may result in shrinking of crop growing seasons, hence there is need to change the crop calendar according to the changing crop environment
• The growers of the crops have to change insect management strategies in accordance with the projected changes in pest incidence and extent of crop losses in view of the changing climate
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Developing temperature based phenology models for pests & diseasesThe forewarning models for predicting insect arrival/ infestations based on earlier climate profiles need to be revised in accordance with location specific changes in climate in order to provide precise and accurate forecast of the pest incidence
GIS based risk mapping of crop pests• Agro-ecological hot spot zonation• Delineation of future areas of pest risk
Weather-based Apple fire blight risk mapping in GIS
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Adaptation/ mitigation of agriculture to changing pest scenario due to climate
Strengthen research for enhancing adaptive capacity:• Pest surveillance for improved assessments in advance of outbreaks• Research focus on the search for more general forms of resistance against various classes of insects or diseases• Developing mechanisms for collection and disseminating information on insect- pest data in different environmental situations
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Sensitization of stakeholders about climate change and its impacts• Training and capacity-building of extension worker, farmers & other stakeholders involved in supply chain management• Development of learning material and support guides for different risk scenarios in the contexts of pest outbreaks in agriculture sector• Assist farmers in coping with current climatic risks through weather services, agro- advisories, insurance, community banks, etc
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Promotion of resource conservation technologies • Incentives to farmers for resource conservation and use efficiency (Bio- control, Integrated Pest Management)• Subsidies for adaptation of environmental conserving pest controlling technologies, pest based Agri-Insurance• Strategies for adaptation and coping could benefit from combining scientific and indigenous knowledge, especially in developing countries where technology is least developed• Further more study towards integrating indigenous adaptation measures in global adaptation strategies and scientific research
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
Is it possible to stop climate change ?????
Most of the researchers agree that the current warming trend can’t be stopped or reversed but that it can be slowed down to allow the biological systems and human society to adapt
Conclusions
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management
• Being a tropical country, more challenged with impacts of looming climate change
• Differential impacts of abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity &rainfall• Varied pest damage in different agro-climatic regions across the country
• Intensification of yield losses due to potential changes in crop diversity and increased incidence of insect-pests• Serious environmental and socioeconomic impacts on rural farmers whose livelihoods depend directly on the agriculture• Urgent need to modify crop protection measures with changed climate in order to attain the goal of food security of the nation • Need for careful attention in planning and devising adaptation and mitigation strategies for future pest management strategies
Implications for India
राष्ट्रीय अजैवि�क स्ट्रैसै प्रबंधन संस्थानNational Institute of Abiotic Stresses Management