View
19
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
IJECJAN – JUNE 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
5 more...4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications3 more...
Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your
Article 2
016
www.journalspub.com
International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.
Objectives of JournalsPub
üJournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.
üJournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications & Case Study.
ü Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.
üJournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.
üJournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
üJournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.
Salient Features
üAn umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.
üThe first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellence and exposure.
üUniversal transmission and reflectivity.
üA Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process
üSpeedy Publication of Manuscripts
üEminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.
üFree Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.
üThe journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.
International Journal of
Environmental Chemistry
JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
?Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy
International Subscription
?Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)
?Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )
To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd.,
payable at Delhi/New Delhi.
Online Access Policy
A). For Authors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.
Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.
B.) For Subscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.
The access will be blocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as per the access policy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as per the frequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.
Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.
Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID.
Refund requests will not be entertained.
Legal Disputes
All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.
If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:
[email protected]; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.
International Journal of
Environmental Chemistry
The International Journal of Environmental Chemistry aims to serve as a platform for the dissemination of
innovative ideas and research in entire areas of Environmental Chemistry. Aim and Objective is to create
interest among Researcher Scholars in Environmental Chemistry dealing with the atmospheric, aquatic and
soil chemistry, as well as profoundly depend on Environmental Sciences. Environmental chemistry is an
interdisciplinary science that includes the chemical processes occurring in the environment which are
impacted by humankind's activities. All manuscripts go through a rigorous peer review process. Journal
targets to publish original, high quality papers that are peer-reviewed by our expert editorial team to ensure
the publication of only good quality papers.
Focus and Scope of the Journal! Air quality monitoring! Soil and water management! Wastewater treatment and reuse! Disposal and recycling of waste! Environmental quality parameters! Flora and fauna! Bio-monitoring! Pollution prevention! Safety and sustainability of environment! Pesticides
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub, an
imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of
the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products
described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products
mentioned in this publication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permission to the publisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Alexander RussellOtto von Guericke University of Magdeburg,
Germany
Dr. Arpana MishraFaculty of Science & Environment, Mahatma
Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Satna, Madhya Pradesh,
India
Prof. Ateeq RahmanDepartment of Chemistry, Bindura University of
Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
Dr. Bashir Ahmad DarUniversity of Kashmir, North Campus, Delina,
Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Dr. Bharat ModheraMaulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of
Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat,
India
Dr. Didik PrasetyokoDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember,Surabaya, Indonesia
Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti NavaleDepartment of Chemistry, Vivekanand
Education Society's College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Feyzullah TokayDepartment of Chemistry, Expert Dr. Balikesir
Universtiy, Research Center of Applied Sciences,Turkey
Dr. Gengan SaravananDepartment of Chemistry, Central University
of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur,Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Goutam BanerjeeDepartment of Civil & Env. Engrg, The
University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
Dr. Jayanta Kumar BiswasDepartment of Ecological Engineering &
Environmental Management, International Centre for Ecological Engineering University
of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Dr. Linthoingambi NingombamCentre for Environmental Sciences, Central
University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna, Bihar, India
Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao KanidarapuBapatla Engineering College (Autonomous),
Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Nanda Gopal SahooDepartment of Chemistry, Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, Centre D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Neetu SinghDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Thapar
University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Dr. Parin ShahDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Prof. Pushpa JhaSant Longowal Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. R. Chandrasekharan NairPG College, Kerala, India
Prof. Radha DasDepartment of Chemical Engineering,West Bengal University of Technology,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Dr. Rajendra SharmaApplied Chemistry Department,
Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. Rajendra Singh JadegaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Rajesh Kumar SahuDepartment of Chemistry, Vishwavidyalaya
Engineering College, Lakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
Prof. Ramakrishna KaripeddiDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh, India
Ranganathan SubramanianDepartment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Technology, Patna, Bihar, India
Dr. S. R. ShahDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of
Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Saeed SoltanaliResearch Institute of Petroleum Industry,
Iran
Dr. Santhi Raju PilliDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Seema GuptaDepartment of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra
Dev College (University of Delhi),New Delhi, India
Dr. Shi-Peng SunNational University of Singapore,
Singapore
Dr. Soumitra Kumar ChoudhuriDepartment of In vitro carcinogenesis,Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Dr, Srinivasan AnandanCenter for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Center for Powder
Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Stoyan Novakov NedeltchevHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf,
Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany
Dr. Sufia HenaBioprocess Technology Division, School of
Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Suhas NatyanDepartment of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri
University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Sumita NairDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai
Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Vajjiravel MurugesanDepartment of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman
University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Prof. Velluru SrideviDepartment of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Environmental Chemistry. This journal is part of the
Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of Environmental Sciences, from theoretical
aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of atmospheric, aquatic and
soil chemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Environmental Science
community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Environmental Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in chemical processes occurring in the environment in
general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently,
well-time & successfully.
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Soil and water management, Wastewater treatment and reuse, Bio-monitoring, pollution prevention, Safety
and sustainability of environment, and many more.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the International
Journal of Environmental Chemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who
supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many
others, reporting new developments in the field of Environmental Sciences.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial
staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Environmental Science
readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Environmental Chemistry.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Analysis of Impure and Pure Underground Water in Post Monsoon of Rewa City, MP, India Manoj Kumar Solanki, Omprakash Gupta 1
2. River Bihar Water Analysis in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India Om Prakash Gupta, Manoj Kumar Solanki, Dinesh Kumar Jain, Jayshri Kanoje 10
3. Characterization of Tesu Colour Dyeing on Excel Fibre and to Study the Effects of Caustic TreatmentS.R. Shah, P. Patel 20
4. Square Wave Pulsed Electrodeposition of Chromium from Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline ChlorideGengan Saravanan, Subramanian Mohan 26
5. Trees Conservation: Protecting Life on Earth
Chhavi Jain 34
Contents
IJEC (2016) 1–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Analysis of Impure and Pure Underground Water in Post
Monsoon of Rewa City, MP, India
Manoj Kumar Solanki1*, Omprakash Gupta
2
1Department of Chemistry, Govtment Engineering College, Rewa, M.P., India
2Department of Chemistry, Govtment Science College, Rewa, M.P., India
Abstract
Present papers to analysis of underground water in postmonsoon of Rewa city, Madhya
Pradesh, India in a year of 2015. Most of the samples analyzed are within the prescribed
limits as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), Indian Standard Institute (ISI)
and BIS desirable limit. Seasonal variation in physical and chemical parameters like
Temperature, Turbidity, Color, Odor, Taste, pH value, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,
Total alkalinity, chloride, Nitrate, Total dissolved solid, sulfate etc. All parameters were
found in some limits.
Keywords: analysis of underground water, analysis of water in post monsoon, physical and
chemical properties of water
INTRODUCTION All life on earth depends on water. Fresh
water is a critical, finite, vulnerable,
renewable natural resource on the earth
and plays as important role in our living
environment without it life is impossible.
India is endowed with rich water
resources. Underground water found in an
under the earth, it is called underground
water. The Rewa district underground
water quality evaluated on the basis of
dissolved some minerals and salts. Most of
the Underground water of Rewa District is
hard and alkaline and quantity of salts and
minerals are deepened as the source areas
of water. In this paper proposed results of
the study of impure and pure underground
waters in the post monsoon for analysis of
temperature, turbidity, color, odor, taste,
pH value, total hardness, calcium,
magnesium, Total alkalinity, chloride,
Nitrate, Total dissolved solid, sulfate etc.
in a year of 2015 in the winter season of
Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Sample-1 is indicated by impure
underground water and sample-2 is
indicated by pure underground water after
purification. Some parameters were found
in some limit see Table 1.[1–4]
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The underground water sample was
collected from Rewa city, Madhya
Pradesh, India in a year of 2015 in winter
season. Material requirement for sampling
and analysis of water of Itinerary for the
trip, Personnel and sample transport
arrangement, area map, location map for
the sampling site, ice-boxes, rope,
weighted bottle sampler, D.O. sample,
D.O.D. bottles, sample containers,
bacteriological and special sample, heavy
metals, D.O. fixing and traction chemicals,
glasswares, thermometer, tissue papers,
other requirements for field measurement
are sample identification forms, labels for
sampling containers, field note bottle, pen
or pencil, markers, soap, towels, match-
IJEC (2016) 10–19 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
River Bihar Water Analysis in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa
District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Om Prakash Gupta1*
, Manoj Kumar Solanki2, Dinesh Kumar Jain
3, Jayshri Kanoje
4
1Department of Chemistry, Govt. Science College, Rewa, MP, India
2Department of Chemistry, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India
3Department of Civil Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India
4Department of Home Science, Govt. Girls College, Dhar, MP, India
Abstract
This paper aims to carry out analysis of water in Bihar River during winter season in year
2015 in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh, India. We have analyzed the seasonal variation
and change in physical and chemical properties such as temperature, pH, color, odor,
alkalinity, turbidity, hardness; and presence of total dissolved solutes (TDS) like calcium
(Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg2+
), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4
2), of Bihar river water. The
variable data of samples were compared with the prescribed limits as suggested by World
Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Standard (ISI) and BIS; desirable for water used for
drinking purpose. The analysis was carried out for a period of one year 2015 (winter).
Readings of some parameters were found within the limits.
Keywords: physico-chemical, Rewa, river water, seasonal variation
INTRODUCTION
All living organisms on Earth depend on
water. Fresh water is a critical, finite,
vulnerable, renewable natural resource that
plays an important role in our living
environment such that without it, life is
impossible. India is endowed with rich
water resources. The chemical
composition of river waters is not constant
and carries different types of impurities
dissolved in it. Due to this, the river waters
are usually polluted. The water quality of
Rewa district Bihar River was evaluated
on the basis of dissolved minerals or salts
or impurities, etc. River waters were
analyzed for temperature, turbidity, color,
odor, test, pH, total hardness, calcium
(Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg+2
), total alkalinity,
chloride (Cl), TDS, sulfate (SO4
2), etc.
The analysis was done in the year of 2015
during winter season in the month of
October. Bihar river water samples are
indicated by sample-1 and sample-2 in
Tables 1–3 as given below.[1–4]
MATERIAL AND METHODS The material requirement for sampling and
analysis of water included: itinerary for the
trip, personnel and sample transport
arrangement, area map, sampling site
location map, icebox, weighted bottle
sampler, D.O.D. bottles, sample
containers, bacteriological and special
sample containers, heavy metals, D.O.
fixing and traction chemical and
glassware, thermometer, tissue papers. For
field measurements, the materials needed
were sample identification forms, labels
for containers, field note-book, pen or
pencil, markers, etc. All analyses were
carried out as per APHA (1998) and BIS
desirable limit for drinking water. Some
IJEC (2016) 20–25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 20
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Characterization of Tesu Colour Dyeing on Excel Fibre and to
Study the Effects of Caustic Treatment
S.R. Shah*, P. Patel Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of
Baroda, Vadodara, India
Abstract
Tesu, the natural flower colour, was extracted in such way that the maximum colour yield
can be obtained on textile fibre. The extracted Tesu colour was applied on excel, the third
generation regenerated cellulosic fibre, at different pH, time, temperature and electrolyte
concentration. The characterisation of Tesu colour dyeing on excel fibre was developed.
Further, the effects of caustic soda treatment on dyeability of excel fibre with natural Tesu
colour was evaluated and the results found are quite energetic.
Keywords: Caustic soda, dyes, fibre, Tesu
INTRODUCTION
Anciently, textile materials were dyed
using colours obtained from natural
resources until synthetic colours were
invented. Due to easy access of pure
synthetic dyes of different classes and cost
advantages associated with it, most of the
textile dyers and/or manufacturers chose to
shift towards using synthetic colorant.
Almost all synthetic colorants are
synthesized from petrochemical sources
after undergoing through hazardous
chemical processes that possess threat
towards its eco-friendliness. Hence,
worldwide growing awareness about
organic value of eco-friendly products has
generated new interest of consumers
towards usage of textiles dyed with eco-
friendly natural dyes.[1]
Due to this, even
after a century, the use of natural dyes has
not vanished completely and they are still
used in different places across the world.
Natural dyeing of different textiles is
continued mainly in the decentralized
sector for specialty products while
synthetic dyes are used in the large scale
sector for general textiles/apparels.[1–5]
Recently, most of the commercial dyers
and textile export houses have started
looking to the maximum possibilities of
using natural dyes for dyeing and printing
of different textiles for targeting niche
market. Natural colorants produce very
uncommon, soothing and soft shades as
compared to synthetic dyes. On the other
hand, synthetic dyes, which are widely
available at an economical price and
produce a wide variety of colours,
sometimes causes skin allergy and other
harmfulness to human body, produces
toxicity/chemical hazards during its
synthesis, releases
undesirable/hazardous/toxic chemicals
etc.[6–9]
Excel, a third generation manmade
cellulosic fibre, having high dry and wet
strength, good dimensional stability and
clean manufacturing technology is the
answer to the fashion, with comfort luxury
and engineered precision of a manmade
fibre.[10]
No literatures available pertaining
to the processing of excel fibres in
specifically. Excel fibres are mainly dyed
IJEC (2016) 26–33 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Square Wave Pulsed Electrodeposition of Chromium from Deep
Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline Chloride
Gengan Saravanan1*, Subramanian Mohan
2
1Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, India
2CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, EMFT Division, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Electrodeposition of chromium from hexavalent chromium ion is very toxic, carcinogenic, not
environmentally benign, cathodic efficiency is low, and the quality of coating is very poor
(due to H2 evolution). Ambient temperature Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) can be formed by
reacting choline chloride (HOC2H4 (CH3)3Cl) with metal salts. These low cost DES are not
sensitive to air and moisture and have good electro-conductivity and they do not have vapour
pressure. DES is promising electrolyte for electrodeposition of nano-sized metals and alloys
in the metal finishing industry. In the present study, the electrodeposition of chromium films
from a solution of DES containing chromium (III) has been investigated by square wave
pulse current technique. Homogeneous and well adherent Cr films have been obtained with
65% current efficiency which is 50% higher than Cr deposited from aqueous Cr(III)-based
electrolyte.
Keywords: chromium, choline chloride, deep eutectic solvent, desorption, metals
INTRODUCTION
In recent year’s ambient temperature DES
have been studied extensively for
electrodeposition, electropolishing and as
an electrolyte for batteries.[1,2]
Key
advantages that enable them to overcome
the limits imposed by common aqueous or
organic media are their wide
electrochemical windows, spanning up to
6 V in some cases; extremely low vapour
pressures, high ionic conductivities. Early
investigations focused on imidazolium or
pyridinium cations with chloroaluminate
anions although increasing amounts of
work has been carried out using inert
anions such as CF3SO3-, PF6
- and
(CF3SO2)2N-. Osteryoung showed that n-
alkylimidazolium salts gave liquids over a
wide range of composition with AlCl3.[3,4]
The properties of these DES are controlled
by various chloroaluminate anions, whose
relative concentrations change
considerably with the melt composition.[5]
These DES have been used for metal
deposition, and as media to carry out a
variety of reactions.[6,7]
It has recently been
shown that eutectic solvents can be formed
using metal chloride with pyridinium,[8]
dimethylethylphenylammonium,[9]
and
imidazolium salts.[10,11]
These have higher melting points than the
corresponding chloroaluminate melts but
are still fluid at ambient temperatures.
Abbott et al. recently reported that eutectic
solvent can be formed using zinc or tin
chlorides with substituted quaternary
ammonium salts such as choline
chloride.[12]
These eutectic solvents are
resistive to air and water but their low cost
enables their use in commercialization in
metal finishing industry.
IJEC (2016) 34–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Trees Conservation: Protecting Life on Earth
Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
A BRIEF ON TREE CONSERVATION
Today, one of the biggest concerns about
the environment and our Earth is the need
for tree conservation. Trees are the
cornerstones of all the ecosystems and the
building blocks for all the living organisms
on Earth. It is difficult to even imagine our
lives without trees. There would be no
place for the birds and animals to live and
have leisure time. Trees stabilize soils,
regulate water and carbon cycles, and
provide oxygen and other wealth of
products to living beings on Earth.
Without trees, these all would be gone and
it is easy to believe that there would be no
life on Earth. Trees are thus a fundamental
part of our life.
Tree conservation involves ensuring that
trees are regularly planted, maintained
and/or saved for future generations. By
doing this, we can ensure that trees will
remain a part of our lives, thereby
protecting us and preserving life on Earth.
Certain strategies that can be adopted to
save trees include:
Education
Obtaining information from professional
foresters, horticulturists, landscape
architects and planners and educate people
and property owners about how to care for
and maintain the trees will be helpful in
conserving trees.
Voluntary Measures Interested citizens, landowners, local
readers should be invited and encouraged
to donate time and money towards tree
preservation efforts.
Provide Incentives It is one of the best ways to promote tree
conservation. It includes providing
incentives i.e., grants or funds as financial
assistance to encourage landowners to
protect their trees, plant new trees and
improve the community.
Regulatory Measures
This includes adopting organized
regulations that emphasizes rules to on
protect environmental and economic
benefits of trees.
More than 9600 tree species are threatened
with extinction and above 1,850 species
are listed as critically endangered. The
latter are likely to become extinct unless
immediate action is undertaken to preserve
them. The Global Trees Campaign is a
joint initiative between Fauna & Flora
International (FFI) and Botanic Gardens
Conservation International (BGCI). It is
the only international campaign dedicated
to conserving threatened trees. It aims to
protect the future of the world’s threatened
tree species thereby benefiting the living
beings and the environment.
The Global Trees Campaign works in
three ways:
(1) Directly supporting threatened tree
projects: This includes providing direct
support to different projects that
focuses on conservation of world’s
most threatened tree species.
Currently, the Global Trees Campaign
is supporting such projects in more
than 15 different countries. The
threatened trees that are under focus
IJECJAN – JUNE 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
5 more...4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications3 more...
Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your
Article 2
016
www.journalspub.com