International Journal of Environmental Chemistry - Vol 2_Issue 2

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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Alexander RussellOtto von Guericke University of Magdeburg,

Germany

Dr. Arpana MishraFaculty of Science & Environment, Mahatma

Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Satna, Madhya Pradesh,

India

Prof. Ateeq RahmanDepartment of Chemistry, Bindura University of

Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

Dr. Bashir Ahmad DarUniversity of Kashmir, North Campus, Delina,

Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Dr. Bharat ModheraMaulana Azad National Institute of Technology,

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of

Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat,

India

Dr. Didik PrasetyokoDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember,Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti NavaleDepartment of Chemistry, Vivekanand

Education Society's College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Feyzullah TokayDepartment of Chemistry, Expert Dr. Balikesir

Universtiy, Research Center of Applied Sciences,Turkey

Dr. Gengan SaravananDepartment of Chemistry, Central University

of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur,Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Goutam BanerjeeDepartment of Civil & Env. Engrg, The

University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago

Dr. Jayanta Kumar BiswasDepartment of Ecological Engineering &

Environmental Management, International Centre for Ecological Engineering University

of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Dr. Linthoingambi NingombamCentre for Environmental Sciences, Central

University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao KanidarapuBapatla Engineering College (Autonomous),

Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Nanda Gopal SahooDepartment of Chemistry, Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology, Centre D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Neetu SinghDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Thapar

University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Dr. Parin ShahDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Institute of Technology, Nirma University,Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Prof. Pushpa JhaSant Longowal Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India


Dr. R. Chandrasekharan NairPG College, Kerala, India

Prof. Radha DasDepartment of Chemical Engineering,West Bengal University of Technology,

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr. Rajendra SharmaApplied Chemistry Department,

Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Rajendra Singh JadegaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Rajesh Kumar SahuDepartment of Chemistry, Vishwavidyalaya

Engineering College, Lakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Prof. Ramakrishna KaripeddiDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra

Pradesh, India

Ranganathan SubramanianDepartment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of

Technology, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. S. R. ShahDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of

Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Saeed SoltanaliResearch Institute of Petroleum Industry,

Iran

Dr. Santhi Raju PilliDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Seema GuptaDepartment of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra

Dev College (University of Delhi),New Delhi, India

Dr. Shi-Peng SunNational University of Singapore,

Singapore

Dr. Soumitra Kumar ChoudhuriDepartment of In vitro carcinogenesis,Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr, Srinivasan AnandanCenter for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Center for Powder

Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Stoyan Novakov NedeltchevHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf,

Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany

Dr. Sufia HenaBioprocess Technology Division, School of

Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Suhas NatyanDepartment of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri

University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Sumita NairDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai

Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India


Dr. Vajjiravel MurugesanDepartment of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman

University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Prof. Velluru SrideviDepartment of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Environmental Chemistry. This journal is part of the

Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of Environmental Sciences, from theoretical

aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of atmospheric, aquatic and

soil chemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Environmental Science

community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Environmental Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel

awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research

societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in chemical processes occurring in the environment in

general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently,

well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Environmental Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of

Soil and water management, Wastewater treatment and reuse, Bio-monitoring, pollution prevention, Safety

and sustainability of environment, and many more.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the International

Journal of Environmental Chemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who

supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many

others, reporting new developments in the field of Environmental Sciences.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial

staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Environmental Science

readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Environmental Chemistry.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Health Impact of Pollutants Amit Kumar 1

2. Environmentalism-Protecting Life on Earth Shalu Singh 3

3. Major Environmental Concerns in India: An OverviewVarun Singh Parmar 5

4. Pyrolysis Characteristics and Isoconversional Kinetics of Kusum Deoiled SeedcakeR. Anil, K. MoniKa, D. Jayaprakash, B. Satyavathi 9

5. Feasibility Study on Spent Pot Lining (SPL) as Raw Material in Cement Manufacture Process

A. Al-Maqbali, S. Feroz, G. Ram, H. Al-Dhamri 18

Contents

IJEC (2016) 1–2 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Health Impact of Pollutants

Amit Kumar* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

With the advent of industrial revolution, there has been a sharp rise in the atmospheric pollution contaminating the natural surroundings and negatively affecting the day-to-day lifestyle of living beings. Pollution is caused by waste materials of different forms that are dumped randomly on open areas or released into water bodies. Huge quantities of wastes come from the industries effluents which are toxic and highly hazardous. These include wastes from pulp and paper, fruit and processing, sugar or starch, dairies, tanneries, slaughterhouses, poultries, etc.[1] Pollutants can be gaseous in nature or might consist of particulate matter in the form of SPM, (suspended particulate matter), dust, fumes, mist, and smoke. This environmental problem is observed in both developed and developing countries.[2] The sources of atmospheric pollution are many with their individual effects varying from one another. Not only the pollutants that affect the ambient air quality are of concern, but those from indoor environment also create serious issue. Indoor air pollution can be particularly hazardous to health as it is released in close proximity to people in the surroundings. It is stated that a pollutant released indoors is many times more likely to reach the lung than that released outdoors. Pollutants that are inhaled harm the human health by affecting the lungs and the respiratory system. They may also circulate throughout the body via blood. A steady change in the composition of atmosphere as observed in the past years is

also accounted to the combustion of fossil fuels used for generation of energy and transportation. This results in emission of suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds. Suspended matter consists of dust, mist, fumes and smoke.[3] These particles when inhaled, deposit in the lung tissues causing their damage and other severe respiratory problems. SPM is a major pollutant known to affect people globally than any other pollutant. However, the chemical component of major concern in SPM is the lead, especially among small children. Prolonged lead exposure may cause nervous break-down, digestive problems and in few cases might lead to cancer. Apart from lead, chemicals like nickel and arsenic found in SPM also cause lung problems. Volatile organic compounds cause irritation in the eyes, nose and throat. In acute cases, they cause headache, nausea and loss of coordination. Some might also cause liver damage. Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is known to combine with hemoglobin thereby reducing the capacity of the latter to carry enough oxygen that enters the blood via lungs, thus creating respiratory problems. Coal mining, combustion engines, municipal incinerators and power generation sector also give rise to suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, sulfur trioxide, lead. Sulphur dioxide gets easily oxidized in air to form sulfuric acid and mist. This gas cause wheezing, shortness of breath and other diseases related to lungs.[3]

IJEC (2016) 3-4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 3


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Environmentalism-Protecting Life on Earth

Shalu Singh*

Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Our planet is endowed with vast population. Day-by-day due to increased usage of its resources and energy, it is becoming difficult to survive like this for long. The environment of Earth is deteriorating at an alarming rate making it unfit to survive not only for us but for our future generations to come. ‘Environmentalism’ is a new concept that aims to identify the problems associated with the environment and ways to solve them. Here, is given an introduction of this concept and how it can help save the environment on Earth. Keywords: biodiversity, environment, environmentalism, pollution, renewable energy

BACKGROUND

Our planet Earth is a huge place harboring over 7 billion people in it. It is like a big home for all the life that exists in it. One should take care of the place they live in. This includes making it clean and keeping it away from all the activities that can cause harm to it in one or the other way. However, the actual scenario is not as it should appear. People living here are exploiting its resources inadequately, polluting the environment, adding trash to it, harming the biodiversity, and disturbing the ecological balance. This is occurring from past several decades that too at severely increasingly rate. If this continues to happen, it is difficult to imagine how our future would look like and how the planet Earth would shape for our children. The concept of ‘Environmentalism’ has been introduced to emphasize on the factors that can help make our planet friendly and healthy to live in. Environmentalism is a social movement that concerns for environmental conservation and improving state of the environment. This concept is a new way of thinking wherein people try to care more

about the Earth and long-term survival of life on it.[1] This includes recognizing the Earth’s problems that harm or degrade our environment and coming forward with solutions in order to rectify them and protect the environment. The solutions can be brought forward both individually and collectively. Recognizing and understanding the problem(s) is the first step in the concept of environmentalism that aims to protect the environment. Earth is currently facing several environmental problems which are going to be enhanced if not corrected in time. These include.[1,2]

OVER-EXPLOITATION OF

NATURAL RESOURCES Several millions of people living on Earth are consuming its natural resources inefficiently that they are likely to become scarce to fulfill the needs of the growing population. It is high time that these should be used adequately. One way of conserving our natural resources is to try to recycle the waste materials and reuse them. This will help to save the fresh raw materials and conserve them. For example we can converse trees by recycling the paper products. This will minimize the



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Major Environmental Concerns in India: An Overview

Varun Singh Parmar* Department of Pharmacy, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

India is a developing country with huge population of nearly 1.3 billion. The population of India is growing steadily at the rate of 1.26% per year. However, the resources required to fulfill the growing population is limited. Increasing population is putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure and economy of the country. Also, with the urbanization, many of the technologies that were introduced had negative impact on the environment and hence the sustainability of life in India. Here, we describe the major environmental concerns that are prevailing in India and highlight the need to develop measures immediately in order to overcome them. Keywords: biodiversity, deforestation, environment, pollution, population, poverty

BACKGROUND

India constitutes approximately 2.4% of world’s total land area and nearly 16% of world’s population.[1] For a nation to grow, it is important to have a stable infrastructure and economy. However, owing to increasing population at an alarming rate, it is becoming difficult day-by-day to achieve this goal. There has been unsustainable use of natural resources from last several generations. There is inadequate sanitation and unavailability of clean drinking water. In order to grow and develop, new technologies have been introduced that can help improve our economy. This has led to air and water pollution. Land area has also undergone degradation including desertification, contamination, and soil depletion throughout the sub-continent. Today, India is facing a rapid and widespread environmental degradation at an exponential rate. Here, we describe the major environmental challenges faced by India.

Increasing Population

Currently, India has a population size of about 1.3 billion with an annual growth rate of 1.26%. This is putting a lot of pressure on the use of natural resources and chances are that inadequate sustainable sources will be left for our coming generations. This is definitely reduces the chances of our nation to develop. It is believed that controlling population size will automatically lead to development, but in a developing nation like India, development leads to a decrease in population growth rates. Poverty

Poverty is a serious problem in a densely populated nation like India where resources are limited. According to 2012 estimates of the Indian government, 22% of the population is below its official poverty line. About 32.7% of Indians are considered extremely poor.[2] Income-based poverty lines are based on the criteria that people under this line are capable enough to have the bare minimum income to get basic food requirements; it



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Pyrolysis Characteristics and Isoconversional Kinetics of Kusum

Deoiled Seedcake

R. Anil1,2, K. Monika1, D. Jayaprakash2, B. Satyavathi1* 1 Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India

2 College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT

The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of kusum de-oiled seed cake were conducted using a Thermo gravimetric analyzer. Thermogravimetric analysis of biomass was carried out at three different heating rates of 10, 20, 30°C/min from 28 to 1000°C under N2 atmosphere. The results indicated that the biomass was decomposed in the temperature range of 270 to 520°C and further decreased when temperature was raised to 1000°C. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy(𝐸𝑎), pre-exponential factor (𝐴) and reaction order (𝑛) for the active pyrolysis zone under study have been evaluated for the particular heating rates using Coats-Redfern, Kissinger Akahira-sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO). The overall decomposition reaction order as determined by Coats-Redfern method was (𝑛 = 2) two. Activation energy was calculated using KAS and OFW methods respectively. The characterization of the raw biomass produced has been carried out using CHNSO, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and Powder XRD (X-ray diffraction). Kinetic studies revealed less energy is required in thermos-chemical conversion from biomass to bioenergy. Thus, kusum biomass proved to be a potential feedstock among the other biomass resources for present and future bioenergy fuels. Keywords: kinetic parameter, Kusum de-oiled seed cake, pyrolysis, TGA

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, energy security and sustainable development are two major challenges encountered by the world. Renewable energy should be studied extensively to explore new technologies and in order to maintain secure energy sources for sustainable development, considering the fact that the energy demand is increasing, depleting fossil fuel reserves, with increasing populations and economic developments.[1] Today, most of the energy requirements are fulfilled from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), which releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).[2]

Burning of fossil fuels poses a strong threat to our environment as it emits harmful gases like CO2, CO, SOx, and NOx. Despite this, fossil fuels continue to be the major conventional energy source in meeting the ever-increasing world energy demand. The harmful emissions from vehicles, rapid hike in petroleum product rates and uncertainties in their supply have altogether developed interest among the researchers to search for alternative fuels. Bio-fuels offer an attractive opportunity towards energy conservation programs. Bio-fuels are used globally in combination with conventional fuels without any need



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Feasibility Study on Spent Pot Lining (SPL) as Raw Material in

Cement Manufacture Process

A. Al-Maqbali1*, S. Feroz2, G. Ram1, H. Al-Dhamri1 1Oman Cement Company SAOG, Oman

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Caledonian College of Engineering, Oman

ABSTRACT

SPL is a waste material that comes free from the production of Aluminum industrial. SPL is separated in two fractions: a carbon-rich fraction referred to as “first cut” and a refractories rich fraction referred to as “second cut”. One commonly used solution is the processing of SPL fractions in cement kilns. The primary reasons for the cement producer to process the SPL are the reduction in raw material costs from using the refractory as a replacement raw material, and the heating value from the contained carbon. A second important reason is that the fluoride lowers the melting point of clinker, which saves on input of fuel. What is of interest is that certain parts of the SPL are contributing to the clinker process. The fluoride parts act as fluxes that lower the melting point of clinker. Other parts act as a mineralizer that enhances the formation of complexes that form the clinker. These attributes are the main driver to use second cut SPL in cement process. Investigation was carried out with a typical SPL samples collected from Sohar aluminum company which was found to contain 10.23%Na2O, 0.22% K2O, 0.034 mg/Kg cyanide and 71.52 mg/kg fluoride respectively. Different mix was designed with varying dosages of SPL. The burnability investigations of raw mix showed free lime content of 1.58 for 0%, 1.03 for 0.5%, 0.74 for 1%, 0.68 for 1.5% and 0.44 for 2% at 145°C. The results cement compressive strength of 21.8, 31.0 and 45.6 MPa at 2, 7 and 28 days. The performance characteristic showed conformity to OS: 7 2001 for 42.5 grade of Ordinary Portland Cement. CHIEF CONTRIBUTION: Utilization of industrial wastes to partially replace raw material as a solution to protect the environment and enhance clinker production in cement manufacture process. Keywords: SPL, clinker, burnability, free lime, compressive strength

INTRODUCTION

For the first time in Oman SPL waste was investigated for use as raw material in cement kiln process. Spent Pot Lining, (SPL) is a waste material that comes free from the production of aluminum. Aluminum metal is produced from its raw material which is alumina (Al2O3). SPL is separated in two fractions: a carbon-rich fraction referred to as “first cut” and a refractories rich fraction referred to as “second cut”. SPL is identified as a hazardous waste due to the exposure to the bath materials during the life of an

operating pot. One commonly used solution is the processing of SPL fractions in cement kilns. The primary reasons for the cement producer to process the SPL are the reduction in raw material costs from using the refractory as a replacement raw material, and the heating value from the contained carbon. A second important

IJECJul–Dec 2016

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

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